Locating the scala media in the fixed human temporal bone for therapeutic access: a preliminary study

2006 ◽  
Vol 120 (11) ◽  
pp. 914-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Pau ◽  
P Fagan ◽  
S Oleskevich
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Horizontal Line ◽  
Point Of Entry ◽  
Anterior Edge ◽  
Human Temporal Bone ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
A Site

Objective: To investigate the location of the scala media in relation to the round window niche in human temporal bones.Design: Ten human temporal bones were investigated by radical mastoidectomy and promontory drill-out.Setting: Temporal bone laboratory.Outcome measures: The distance from the scala media to the anterior edge of the round window niche, measured by Fisch's stapedectomy measuring cylinders.Results: The scala media was identified at the transection point of a vertical line 1.6 to 2.2 mm (mean=1.8 mm; standard deviation=0.2) anterior to the anterior edge of the round window niche and a horizontal line 0.2 mm inferior to the lower border of the oval window.Conclusion: This report demonstrates the point of entry into the scala media via the promontory in fixed temporal bone models, which may provide a site of entry for stem cells and gene therapy insertion.

Microfissure in the Oval Window Area

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiko Harada ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Eugene N. Myers
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Annular Ligament ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
Window Area ◽  
Most Probable Explanation ◽  
Temporal Bones

Examination of 331 human temporal bones revealed the presence of a microfissure in the oval window area in 25%. The youngest temporal bone in which the microfissure was observed was from a child eight years old and the oldest temporal bone was from an individual 102 years old. It appears that the microfissure in this area occurs extremely rarely before 10 years of age, that it begins to be observed after the age of 10, and that the incidence of this fissure increases sharply at about age 40. In 61% of the bones in which the microfissure was observed, it was present both superior and inferior to the oval window in almost the same vertical plane. In none of the bones, however, did it extend beyond the annular ligament to the footplate. The histological appearance of the microfissure in this area was quite similar to that of the microfissure between the posterior canal ampulla and round window niche, although the latter appeared to be wider in general. The histogenesis of the microfissure is still unknown, but upon careful analysis of the results of this study and literature review, the authors consider nontraumatic spontaneous fracture by mechanical stress to be the most probable explanation for its occurrence. Possible clinical significance of the microfissure is also discussed.

scholarly journals HRCT Correlation with Round Window Identification during Cochlear Implantation in Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sai Kiran Pendem ◽  
Rajeswaran Rangasami ◽  
Ravi Kumar Arunachalam ◽  
Venkata Sai Pulivadulu Mohanarangam ◽  
Paarthipan Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Cochlear Implantation ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Posterior Tympanotomy ◽  
Hrct Temporal Bone ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Prospective Study

Objective: To determine the accuracy of High Resolution Computer Tomography (HRCT) temporal bone measurements in predicting the actual visualization of round window niche as viewed through posterior tympanotomy (i.e. facial recess). Materials and Methods: This is a prospective study of 37 cochlear implant candidates, aged between 1and 6 years, who were referred for HRCT temporal bone during the period December 2013 to July 2014. Cochlear implantation was done in 37 children (25 in the right ear and 12 in the left ear). The distance between the short process of incus and the round window niche and the distance between the oval window and the round window niche were measured preoperatively on sub-millimeter (0.7 mm) HRCT images. We classified the visibility of round window niche based on the surgical view (i.e. through posterior tympanotomy) during surgery into three types: 1) Type 1- fully visible, 2) Type 2- partially visible, and 3) Type 3- difficult to visualize. The preoperative HRCT measurements were used to predict the type of visualization of round window niche before surgery and correlated with the findings during surgery. Results: The mean and standard deviation for the distance between the short process of incus and the round window niche and for the distance between the oval window and the round window niche for Types 1, 2, and 3 were 8.5 ± 0.2 mm and 3.2 ± 0.2 mm, 8.0 ± 0.4 mm and 3.8 ± 0.2 mm, 7.5 ± 0.2 mm and 4.4 ± 0.2 mm respectively, and showed statistically significant difference (P < 0.01) between them. The preoperative HRCT measurements had a sensitivity and specificity of 92.3% and 96.2%, respectively, in determining the actual visualization of round window niche. Conclusion: This study shows preoperative HRCT temporal bone measurements are useful in predicting the actual visualization of round window niche as viewed through posterior tympanotomy.

Mesenchyme Remaining in Human Temporal Bones

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (3_part_1) ◽  
pp. 349-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuo Takahara ◽  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Yoshie Hashida ◽  
Yoshihiro Shibahara
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sinus Tympani ◽  
Hematoxylin And Eosin ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Middle Ear Cleft

This study was conducted in order to gain basic information about mesenchyme remaining in the middle ear cleft in normal infants. Because no previous report has objectively described the quantity or quality of such postnatal remnants in normal infants, it has not been possible to accurately evaluate the significance of mesenchyme remaining in the middle ears of infants with pathologic conditions, such as otitis media and congenital anomalies. Thus, 53 temporal bones obtained from 41 individuals reported upon here—from 26 weeks' gestation to 8 years of age—will be controls for future studies of pathologic conditions. The children from whom these temporal bones were obtained had no anomalies of the ear (or any other known part of the body); nor did they have any pathologic conditions in the ear. The temporal bones were prepared for histologic study with hematoxylin and eosin staining and were examined under the light microscope. After areas of the mesenchyme in the histologic sections were projected and illustrated for each of 19 portions in the middle ear cleft under the microprojector, those areas were measured by compensating polar planimetry. The findings obtained in this study were as follows: (1) The amount of mesenchyme remaining in the days after birth seemed to gradually decrease in volume with increased maturity and had nearly disappeared within the first year in normal infants. Where mesenchyme was noted in the temporal bones of infants over 1 year of age, it was usually present only in small niches. (2) Most mesenchyme found in temporal bones of normal infants was seen in the mastoid antrum; it was also found in the aditus ad antrum, the epitympanum, the hypotympanum, the sinus tympani, the round window niche, the oval window niche, and the mesotympanum.

Mucopolysaccharidosis I-H (Hurler's Syndrome) and Human Temporal Bone Histopathology

1984 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Schachern ◽  
D. A. Shea ◽  
M. M. Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Stria Vascularis ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Mucopolysaccharidosis I ◽  
Human Temporal Bone ◽  
Hurler’S Syndrome ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Histopathologic Findings

Six temporal bones from three patients with mucopolysaccharidosis I-H are described. All three patients were diagnosed as having mucopolysaccharidosis I-H by enzyme analysis, and all fit the phenotypic criteria of this disease. Family histories of the three cases described were negative for mycopolysaccharide-storage diseases. All three of the patients suffered chronic recurrent otitis media from infancy through death. Common histopathologic findings include otitis media, residual mesenchyme in the round window niche, partial occlusion of the middle ear cavity, and basophilic concretions within the stria vascularis. The common severe histopathologic changes observed in this study and similar findings in the temporal bones described in other studies lead the authors to believe that ear involvement in this disease may be more common than was previously suspected.

Microfissure between the round Window Niche and Posterior Canal Ampulla

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasumasa Okano ◽  
Eugene N. Myers ◽  
David R. Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Round Window ◽  
Pathological Finding ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Human Fetuses ◽  
Posterior Canal ◽  
Mesenchymal Tissue ◽  
One Year ◽  
Round Window Niche ◽  
Temporal Bones

The microfissure between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla was examined in fetal, child, and adult human temporal bones. The communication which was filled with mesenchymal tissue and blood vessels extending from the middle ear, was observed between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla in 10 to 15-week human fetuses. The mesenchymal tissue in the communication was replaced by cartilage with advancing age of the fetus. No communication was observed at birth. From newborn to 12 months of age, no microfissure was observed. After one year of age, the microflssure was first observed and the frequency of the observation increased with increasing age of the patient. After six years of age, the microfissure was observed bilaterally in 100% of cases studied. The microflssure has its origin from the communication between the round window niche and the posterior canal ampulla in fetal life, and is a normal developmental and anatomical structure, and not a pathological finding.

Evidence of Osteoclastic Activity in the Human Temporal Bone

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 218-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takefumi Kamakura ◽  
Joseph B. Nadol Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Paget’S Disease ◽  
Paget's Disease ◽  
Old Patients ◽  
Osteoclastic Activity ◽  
Human Temporal Bone ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Anatomic Locations ◽  
Temporal Bones

Bone remodeling within the otic capsule has been reported to be inhibited especially at or near the cochlea, except under some pathological conditions such as otosclerosis, Paget's disease, or mastoiditis, when bone remodeling can occur. Microcavitations found in periosteal and endosteal layers of human temporal bone specimens without otosclerosis, Paget's disease, or inflammation as reported in the current study are consistent with osteoclastic bone resorption. Thirty-three temporal bones from 33 patients were prepared for light microscopy and classified into 4 groups: histologically proven dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal (SSCD) (n = 3, group 1), age 20 years or younger (n = 10, group 2), age 90 years or older and with otosclerosis (n = 10, group 3), and age 90 years or older without otosclerosis (n = 10, group 4). Microcavitation was seen at 7 anatomic locations in the temporal bone in all 4 groups, but not in the cochlea or vestibule. Microcavitation within the temporal bone is likely due to osteoclastic activity, and it is seen in both young and old patients, patients with and without otosclerosis, and in cases with SSCD.

Auditory and Temporal Bone Abnormalities in Charge Association

1986 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 480-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Wright ◽  
William L. Meyerhoff ◽  
O. E. Brown ◽  
J. C. Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Choanal Atresia ◽  
Charge Syndrome ◽  
Oval Window ◽  
Congenital Defects ◽  
Auditory Brain Stem Response ◽  
Charge Association ◽  
Temporal Bones

CHARGE association is a recently described cluster of congenital defects including ocular coloboma, heart disease, choanal atresia, retarded development and/or CNS abnormalities, genital hypoplasia, and ear anomalies. Although congenital hearing loss has been reported in CHARGE association, no information regarding the underlying temporal bone disease is available in the literature to date. The authors evaluated four patients with multiple anomalies consistent with CHARGE syndrome. Two surviving patients have bilateral severe hearing loss on auditory brain stem response testing. Two patients did not survive, and their temporal bones were obtained at autopsy for histologic examination. All four temporal bones showed severe middle ear defects including ossicular deformities, absence of the stapedius muscle, absence of the oval window, aberrant course of the facial nerve, and dehiscence of the facial nerve canal. In the more severely affected case, a Mondini-type malformation of the cochlea was present, together with multiple anomalies of the vestibular apparatus. Vestibular defects also occurred in the other case; however, the cochleae were found to be normally developed.

Temporal Bone Pathology in Scuba Diving Deaths

1993 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Antonelli ◽  
G. Joseph Parell ◽  
Gary D. Becker ◽  
Michael M. Paparella
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
Round Window Membrane ◽  
Bone Pathology ◽  
Rapid Ascent ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Inner Ear Damage ◽  
Air Cells

Scuba diving has long been associated with otologic injuries; however, little is known about temporal bone pathology in diving-related deaths. We examined 18 temporal bones from 11 divers who died, primarily from complications of rapid ascent. Bleeding into the middle ear and mastoid air cells was nearly universal. Inner ear damage included hemorrhage around Reissner's membrane and the round window membrane and rupture of the utricle and saccule. Most of the observed inner ear damage was not surgically treatable. (OTOLARYNGOL HEAD NECK SURG 1993;109:514-21.)

Temporal Bone Findings in Cases of Salt Water Drowning

1983 ◽  
Vol 92 (2) ◽  
pp. 134-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Kelemen
Keyword(s):  
Inner Ear ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Round Window ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
Histopathological Features ◽  
Temporal Bones

The otologic literature contains no description of the histopathological features of temporal bones of persons who perished in drowning accidents. Three temporal bones from two fatal cases of drowning were studied in serial sections. Two temporal bones were from a man aged 31 years who collapsed after scuba diving and died three days later. One temporal bone was from a 32-year-old man, serving in the navy, who drove his car, probably accidentally, into the sea and drowned in it. Histopathological findings appeared to be similar in the two cases. Diffuse hemorrhage was evident throughout the middle ear and inner ear. The tympanic and round window membranes appeared to be intact although hemorrhage had occurred within the tissue layers of the membranes. This finding contrasts with observations of ruptured membranes by other investigators.

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