Origin and early evolutionary radiation of the Order Lagenida (Foraminifera)

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-843 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Groves ◽  
Demír Altiner ◽  
Roberto Rettori
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Early Permian ◽  
Radial Wall ◽  
Center Of Origin ◽  
Cool Water ◽  
Western Margin ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Discontinuous Growth

The Order Lagenida is a monophyletic group of calcareous foraminifers that originated in Middle Pennsylvanian time via acquisition of hyaline-radial wall structure and loss of microgranular wall structure, the latter being characteristic of the close sister group and likely ancestor, the Fusulinida. Early lagenides are delineated into subgroups on the basis of presence or absence of partitioning within their tests, and among partitioned forms, on continuous versus discontinuous growth styles. Partitioned, discontinuously growing forms may be further delineated on the basis of test symmetry and on modifications to chamber shape and apertural complexity. Early lagenides underwent rapid taxonomic differentiation during late Moscovian and early Kasimovian time. Taxonomic differentiation was accompanied by rapid dispersal from the presumed center of origin in the midcontinent-Andean area to tropical and subtropical shelves worldwide. By Early Permian time certain lagenides were adapted to cool water paleoenvironments, as evidenced by their occurrences in high paleolatitudes and even in glaciomarine basins. Early Permian lagenides do not exhibit marked provincialism, but there is evidence for paleolatitudinal control on assemblages. The midcontinent-Andean and present Arctic areas contain similar, diverse faunas from low- to mid paleolatitudes along the western margin of Pangaea. These faunas share many elements in common with faunas from the tropical and subtropical eastern margin of Pangaea (Paleotethys). In contrast, the Europe-Urals, Siberian and Australian areas are characterized by a slightly different faunal association from mid- to high paleolatitudes in both hemispheres. Panthalssan faunas are less well known, but seemingly contain only cosmopolitan taxa.

Phylogenetic relationships of the African genera Alestes and Brycinus (Teleostei, Characiformes, Alestidae)

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (11) ◽  
pp. 1887-1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison M Murray ◽  
Kathlyn M Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject

The family Alestidae (also referred to as the African Characidae) comprises the African dwarf forms ("Petersiini") and the genera Alestes, Brycinus, Bryconaethiops, and Hydrocynus. Although several authors have presented characters to support the monophyly of the family, a cladistic analysis of the group has not been published. Furthermore, the interrelationships of the constituent groups are the subject of some controversy. A cladistic analysis of the Alestidae is presented, including characters to support the monophyly of the family. The results of this study indicate that several species should be removed from the genus Brycinus, that Hydrocynus is the sister group of Alestes s.str. (containing only five species), and that the dwarf alestids ("Petersiini") do not form a monophyletic group.

First plesiosaur remains from the lower Cretaceous of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 784-789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dario G. Lazo ◽  
Marcela Cichowolski
Keyword(s):  
Lower Cretaceous ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Crown Group ◽  
Marine Reptiles ◽  
Stem Group ◽  
Neuquen Basin ◽  
Neuquén Basin

Plesiosaurs constitute a monophyletic group whose stratigraphical range is uppermost Triassic to uppermost Cretaceous (Brown, 1981). They were large predatory marine reptiles, highly adapted for submarine locomotion, with powerful paddle-like limbs and heavily reinforced limb girdles (Saint-Seine, 1955; Romer, 1966; Carroll, 1988; Benton, 1990). The Plesiosauria clade belongs to the Sauropterygia, which has recently been hypothesized as the sister-group of the Ichthyosauria. Together with that clade they form the Euryapsida (Caldwell, 1997). The Sauropterygia can be subdivided into relatively plesiomorphic stem-group taxa from the Triassic (Placodonts, Nothosauroids, and Pistosauroids), and the obligatorily marine crown-group Plesiosauria (Rieppel, 1999). Plesiosaurs are traditionally divided into two superfamilies: Plesiosauroidea, with usually small heads and long necks; and Pliosauroidea, with larger heads and shorter necks (Welles, 1943; Persson, 1963; Brown, 1981). Plesiosauroidea contains three families: Plesiosauridae, Cryptoclididae, and Elasmosauridae (Brown, 1981; Brown and Cruickshank, 1994). The validity of the Polycotylidae Cope, 1869, has long been questioned and its phylogenetic position among Plesiosauria debated, as many consider it to be related to the Pliosauridae or to be a sister-group of the Elasmosauridae (Sato and Storrs, 2000; O'Keefe, 2001).

Description of Leptoomus janzeni, n. gen. and n. sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Baltic amber, and discussion of its relationships and classification relative to Eupelmidae, Tanaostigmatidae and Encyrtidae

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1730 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY A. P. GIBSON
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
The Other ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Baltic Amber ◽  
Unique Combination ◽  
Relative Structure

Leptoomus janzeni, n. gen. and n. sp., is described from 5 females and 2 males in 7 pieces of Baltic amber. An enlarged acropleuron forming the entire mesopleuron places the taxon within Eupelmidae, Tanaostigmatidae or Encyrtidae (Chalcidoidea), but it has a unique combination of features that differentiates it from extant members of these families. Its structural features are compared with those that characterize the three families and it is postulated to be the sister group of Tanaostigmatidae sensu stricto + (Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae) based on relative structure of its pronotum, prepectus and mesothoracic spiracle, and retention of two other putative symplesiomorphies, the presence of complete furrowlike notauli and a protibial apical spicule. Conflicting character states indicate other possible relationships, including a sistergroup relationship with Cynipencyrtus + Encyrtidae based on transverse-triangular axillae and a flagellum having only seven funicular segments, or with Tanaostigmatidae s. s. based on presence of an externally visible prepectal pouch, or possibly forming a monophyletic group with Tanaostigmatidae s. s. + Cynipencyrtus based on combined acropleuralmetacoxal structure. Several features support the monophyly of Tanaostigmatidae s. s., that is excluding Cynipencyrtus and Leptoomus, but these two genera are both classified in Tanaostigmatidae sensu lato until relationships are resolved more conclusively. Features possessed by different members of Neanastatinae (Eupelmidae) suggest that this subfamily may be closely related to Tanaostigmatidae s. l. + Encyrtidae, but possible relationships of Tanaostigmatidae s. s. are also discussed if its enlarged acropleuron and other skeletomusculature features associated with jumping are convergent to similar features in the other taxa.

EVOLUTION OF THE HIND WING IN COLEOPTERA

1993 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarmila Kukalová-Peck ◽  
John F. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Recent Literature ◽  
Hind Wing ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Folding Mechanism ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
Wing Veins ◽  
Phylogenetic Scheme ◽  
Wing Folding

AbstractA survey is made of the major features of the venation, articulation, and folding in the hind wings of Coleoptera. The documentation is based upon examination of 108 Coleoptera families and 200 specimens, and shown in 101 published figures. Wing veins and articular sclerites are homologized with elements of the neopteran wing groundplan, resulting in wing vein terminology that differs substantially from that generally used by coleopterists. We tabulate the differences between currently used venational nomenclature and the all-pterygote homologous symbols. The use of the neopteran groundplan, combined with the knowledge of the way in which veins evolved, provides many strong characters linked to the early evolutionary radiation of Coleoptera. The order originated with the development of the apical folding of the hind wings under the elytra executed by the radial and medial loop. The loops, which are very complex venational structures, further diversified in four distinctly different ways which mark the highest (suborder) taxa. The remaining venation and the wing articulation have changed with the loops, which formed additional synapomorphies and autapomorphies at the suborder, superfamily, and sometimes even family and tribe levels. Relationships among the four currently recognized suborders of Coleoptera are reexamined using hind wing characters. The number of wing-related apomorphies are 16 in Coleoptera, seven in Archostemata + Adephaga–Myxophaga, four in Adephaga–Myxophaga, seven in Myxophaga, nine in Archostemata, and five in Polyphaga. The following phylogenetic scheme is suggested: Polyphaga [Archostemata (Adephaga + Myxophaga)]. Venational evidence is given to define two major lineages (the hydrophiloid and the eucinetoid) within the suborder Polyphaga. The unique apical wing folding mechanism of beetles is described. Derived types of wing folding are discussed, based mainly on a survey of recent literature. A sister group relationship between Coleoptera and Strepsiptera is supported by hind wing evidence.

scholarly journals Phylogeny of Libellula Linnaeus (Odonata: Insecta)

Zootaxa ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANK LOUIS CARLE ◽  
KARL M. KJER
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Representative Species

Phylogenetic analysis was performed on a set of 242 morphological characters. The taxon sample included 31 Libellula, and representative species from selected libeluline tribes, from all libellulid subfamilies, from all libelluloid families, from all anisopteran superfamilies, and Epiophlebia. Corduliinae was shown to be paraphyletic even among genera characterized by a well developed anal loop bisector. Sympetrini was found to be polyphyletic with Crocothemis the sister group to Libellulini. The traditional placement of Trameini, far from Libellulini is in doubt, because it is here placed as the sister group to Crocothemis + Libellulini. Kennedy’s phylogeny of Libellula was largely corroborated, with the following exceptions: the subgenera Libellula, Eolibellula, and Syntetrum form a monophyletic group which is the sister group to a clade including Belonia, Holotania, Neotetrum, and Eotainia subgenus nov. [type species Mesothemis composita Hagen]; and Eurothemis is determined to be the sister group of Ladona instead of Neotetrum. In addition we confirm Belonia to be monophyletic, and find Platetrum + Plathemis to form a monophyletic group, sister to Ladona + Eurothemis; these four subgenera together form the sister group to Libellula sensu stricto (s.s.).

Phylogeny, biogeography and description of Ameripassalus, a new Mesoamerican genus of Passalidae (Coleoptera)

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Jimऻnez-Ferbans ◽  
Pedro Reyes-Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Parsimonious Tree

Ameripassalus, gen. nov., is described as the first genus of Passalini with a distribution restricted to Mesoamerica. The species include A. guatemalensis (Kaup, 1869), comb. nov. from Passalus Fabricius, A. difficilis, sp. nov. and A. tamaulipensis, sp. nov. from Mexico, and A. jacki, sp. nov. and A. nigritus, sp. nov. from Guatemala. A matrix of 46 morphological characters, including the species from Ameripassalus, gen. nov. and 13 species of the genera Paxillus MacLeay, Ptichopus Kaup, Heliscus Zang, Veturius Kaup, Spasalus Kaup, Passipassalus Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo, Passalus Fabricius and Leptaulax Kaup were analysed. Only a single most parsimonious tree was found; in this Ameripassalus is retrieved as a monophyletic group. Ameripassalus difficilis, sp. nov. is shown as the sister group of the rest of the species in the genus. The species with the southernmost distribution (A. guatemalensis (A. nigritus, sp. nov. + A. jacki, sp. nov.)) form a nested clade within the species with the northernmost distribution. Keys to identify adults of the genera of Passalini and to the species of Ameripassalus are provided.

Brianaria (Psoraceae), a new genus to accommodate the Micarea sylvicola group

2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan EKMAN ◽  
Måns SVENSSON
Keyword(s):  
New Genus ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
New Combinations

AbstractThe new genus Brianaria S. Ekman & M. Svensson is introduced for the Micarea sylvicola group, with the new combinations Brianaria bauschiana (Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, B. lutulata (Nyl.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson, B.sylvicola (Flot. ex Körb.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson and B. tuberculata (Sommerf.) S. Ekman & M. Svensson. The new genus is characterized by a chlorococcoid, non-micareoid photobiont, small, convex apothecia without an excipulum, an ascus of the ‘Psora-type’, 0–1-septate ascospores, dimorphic paraphyses, and immersed pycnidia containing bacilliform conidia. Brianaria is shown to form a monophyletic group in the Psoraceae, where it is probably the sister group to Psora and Protoblastenia.

A phylogenetic analysis of the subfamilies of Anyphaenidae (Arachnida, Araneae)

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-384 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin J. Ramírez
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
Cladistic Analyses ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractAnyphaenidae are diagnosed by the pattern of tracheal system, the forwardly advanced tracheal spiracle, and the lamelliform claw tuft setae. Cladistic analyses of the relationships of the anyphaenid genera are made from a selection of 9 exemplar taxa scored for 20 characters. In result, three subfamilies are proposed. Malenellinae subfam. n. is erected for Malenella nana gen. & sp. n. from southern Chile. This subfamily is considered as the sister group of all other anyphaenids. Anyphaeninae and Amaurobioidinae form a monophyletic group united by the orientation of the claw tuft setae and the grooved cymbial tip. Anyphaeninae are diagnosed by three characters associated with the advancement of the spiracle toward the epigastric furrow. Amaurobioidinae are diagnosed by the ingression of the median hematodocha in the male tegulum, and a characteristic secondary conductor. The relationships among the genera of Amaurobioidinae are discussed. The complex tracheal system of anyphaenids develops, during ontogeny, from a simple four-branched system. The genera Aysenia (from Clubionidae), Philisca (from Miturgidae) and Sanogasta (from Corinnidae) are transferred to Anyphaenidae: Amaurobioidinae.

Phylogeny and reclassification of Laelius (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) and description of four new species

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso Azevedo ◽  
Diego Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Monophyletic Group ◽  
Valid Species ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Single Clade ◽  
Cladistic Analyses

AbstractAs currently recognised, Laelius Ashmead contains 47 known species worldwide and is found on all continents except Australia (until this study). In this paper, we examined the taxonomic limits of this genus and tested whether species of the genera Laelius and Prolaelius Kieffer constitute a monophyletic group. We also tested whether the junior synonyms Allepyris Kieffer and Paralaelius Kieffer are supported by cladistic analyses. Our initial analysis indicated that these genera form a single clade. Cladistic analyses were based on 108 female structural characters. The data set was analyzed under equal-weights parsimony and implied weighting. In both analyses, Laelius was retrieved as a polyphyletic group because Prolaelius Kieffer was always nested within Laelius and Allepyris berlandi Benoit always remained in the outgroup and was retrieved as the sister group of Disepyris sp. Based on our analyses, we propose nine nomenclatural acts and recognise 52 valid species of Laelius. The following four new species are described: Laelius haplos sp.n. and L. quadrangulus sp.n. from Australia and L. ogmos sp.n. and L. titanokkos sp.n. from ailand. The following new generic synonym is proposed: Prolaelius Kieffer syn.n. of Laelius Ashmead. The following three new combinations are proposed: Disepyris berlandi (Benoit) comb.n. from Laelius, Laelius firmipennis (Cameron) comb.n. and Laelius glossinae (Turner & Waterston) comb.n. from Prolaelius. Additionally, a lectotype is designated for Laelius fulvipes Kieffer.

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