scholarly journals Reduced influence of perceptual context in schizophrenia: behavioral and neurophysiological evidence

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Pokorny ◽  
Timothy J. Lano ◽  
Michael-Paul Schallmo ◽  
Cheryl A. Olman ◽  
Scott R. Sponheim
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Contour Integration ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Contour Perception ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Visual Contour ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Intermediate Performance

Abstract Background Accurate perception of visual contours is essential for seeing and differentiating objects in the environment. Both the ability to detect visual contours and the influence of perceptual context created by surrounding stimuli are diminished in people with schizophrenia (SCZ). The central aim of the present study was to better understand the biological underpinnings of impaired contour integration and weakened effects of perceptual context. Additionally, we sought to determine whether visual perceptual abnormalities reflect genetic factors in SCZ and are present in other severe mental disorders. Methods We examined behavioral data and event-related potentials (ERPs) collected during the perception of simple linear contours embedded in similar background stimuli in 27 patients with SCZ, 23 patients with bipolar disorder (BP), 23 first-degree relatives of SCZ, and 37 controls. Results SCZ exhibited impaired visual contour detection while BP exhibited intermediate performance. The orientation of neighboring stimuli (i.e. flankers) relative to the contour modulated perception across all groups, but SCZ exhibited weakened suppression by the perceptual context created by flankers. Late visual (occipital P2) and cognitive (centroparietal P3) neural responses showed group differences and flanker orientation effects, unlike earlier ERPs (occipital P1 and N1). Moreover, behavioral effects of flanker context on contour perception were correlated with modulation in P2 & P3 amplitudes. Conclusion In addition to replicating and extending findings of abnormal contour integration and visual context modulation in SCZ, we provide novel evidence that the abnormal use of perceptual context is associated with higher-order sensory and cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Reduced Influence of Perceptual Context in Schizophrenia: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Evidence

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Pokorny ◽  
Timothy J. Lano ◽  
Michael-Paul Schallmo ◽  
Cheryl A. Olman ◽  
Scott R. Sponheim
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Contour Integration ◽  
Contour Detection ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Contour Perception ◽  
Accurate Perception ◽  
Visual Contour ◽  
Related Potentials

AbstractBackgroundAccurate perception of visual contours is essential for seeing and differentiating objects in the environment. Both the ability to detect visual contours and the influence of perceptual context created by surrounding stimuli are diminished in people with schizophrenia. The central aim of the present study was to better understand the biological underpinnings of impaired contour integration and weakened effects of perceptual context. Additionally, we sought to determine whether visual perceptual abnormalities reflect genetic factors in schizophrenia and are present in other severe mental disorders.MethodsWe examined behavioral data and event-related potentials (ERPs) collected during the perception of simple linear contours embedded in similar background stimuli in 27 patients with schizophrenia (SCZ), 23 patients with bipolar disorder, 23 first-degree relatives of SCZ and 37 controls.ResultsSCZ exhibited impaired visual contour detection while patients with bipolar disorder exhibited intermediate performance. The orientation of neighboring stimuli (i.e., flankers) relative to the contour modulated perception across all groups, but SCZ exhibited weakened suppression by the perceptual context created by flankers. Late visual (occipital P2) and cognitive (centroparietal P3) neural responses showed group differences and flanker orientation effects, unlike earlier ERPs (occipital P1 and N1). Moreover, behavioral effects of flanker context on contour perception were correlated with modulation in P2/P3 amplitudes.ConclusionIn addition to replicating and extending findings of abnormal contour integration and visual context modulation in SCZ, we provide novel evidence that abnormal use of perceptual context is associated with higher-order sensory and cognitive processes.

scholarly journals Frequency Sensitivity of Neural Responses to English Verb Argument Structure Violations

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jona Sassenhagen ◽  
Ryan Blything ◽  
Elena V. M. Lieven ◽  
Ben Ambridge
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Argument Structure ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Online Processing ◽  
Verb Argument Structure ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Intransitive Verbs

How are verb-argument structure preferences acquired? Children typically receive very little negative evidence, raising the question of how they come to understand the restrictions on grammatical constructions. Statistical learning theories propose stochastic patterns in the input contain sufficient clues. For example, if a verb is very common, but never observed in transitive constructions, this would indicate that transitive usage of that verb is illegal. Ambridge et al. (2008) have shown that in offline grammaticality judgements of intransitive verbs used in transitive constructions, low-frequency verbs elicit higher acceptability ratings than high-frequency verbs, as predicted if relative frequency is a cue during statistical learning. Here, we investigate if the same pattern also emerges in on-line processing of English sentences. EEG was recorded while healthy adults listened to sentences featuring transitive uses of semantically matched verb pairs of differing frequencies. We replicate the finding of higher acceptabilities of transitive uses of low- vs. high-frequency intransitive verbs. Event-Related Potentials indicate a similar result: early electrophysiological signals distinguish between misuse of high- vs low-frequency verbs. This indicates online processing shows a similar sensitivity to frequency as off-line judgements, consistent with a parser that reflects an original acquisition of grammatical constructions via statistical cues. However, the nature of the observed neural responses was not of the expected, or an easily interpretable, form, motivating further work into neural correlates of online processing of syntactic constructions.

scholarly journals Risk and Resilience in an Acute Stress Paradigm: Evidence From Salivary Cortisol and Time-Frequency Analysis of the Reward Positivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 872-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Ethridge ◽  
Nida Ali ◽  
Sarah E. Racine ◽  
Jens C. Pruessner ◽  
Anna Weinberg
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Band ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Reward Positivity ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Reward Responsivity

Both abnormal stress and reward responsivity are consistently linked to multiple forms of psychopathology; however, the nature of the associations between stress and reward sensitivity remains poorly understood. In the present study, we examined associations between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis stress response and event-related potentials sensitive to the receipt of reward-related feedback in a pre–post experimental paradigm. Neural responses were recorded while male participants completed a simple monetary-reward guessing task before and after the Montreal Imaging Stress Task. Results demonstrated that acute psychosocial stress significantly reduced the magnitude of neural responses to feedback in the reward-sensitive delta-frequency band but not the loss-sensitive theta-frequency band. In addition, a larger delta-frequency response to rewards at baseline predicted reduced overall cortisol response in the stress condition. These findings suggest, therefore, that neural reward circuitry may be associated with both risk for and resilience to stress-related psychopathology.

scholarly journals How Social Power Affects the Processing of Angry Expressions: Evidence From Behavioral and Electrophysiological Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Entao Zhang ◽  
Xueling Ma ◽  
Ruiwen Tao ◽  
Tao Suo ◽  
Huang Gu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Target Power ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

With the help of event-related potentials (ERPs), the present study used an oddball paradigm to investigate how both individual and target power modulate neural responses to angry expressions. Specifically, participants were assigned into a high-power or low-power condition. Then, they were asked to detect a deviant angry expression from a high-power or low-power target among a series of neutral expressions, while behavioral responses and electroencephalogram (EEG) were recorded. The behavioral results showed that high-power individuals responded faster to detect angry expressions than low-power individuals. The ERP analysis showed that high-power individuals showed larger P3 amplitudes in response to angry expressions than low-power individuals did. Target power increased the amplitudes of the P1, VPP, N3, and P3 in response to angry expressions did, but decreased the amplitudes of the N1 and N170 in response to angry expressions. The present study extended previous studies by showing that having more power could enhance individuals’ neural responses to angry expressions in the late-stage processes, and individuals could show stronger neural responses to angry expressions from high-power persons in both the early‐ and late-stage processes.

scholarly journals The processing of intimately familiar and unfamiliar voices: Specific neural responses of speaker recognition and identification

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0250214
Author(s):  
Julien Plante-Hébert ◽  
Victor J. Boucher ◽  
Boutheina Jemel
Keyword(s):  
Speaker Recognition ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Speaker Identification ◽  
Early Recognition ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Speech Stimuli ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Post Onset

Research has repeatedly shown that familiar and unfamiliar voices elicit different neural responses. But it has also been suggested that different neural correlates associate with the feeling of having heard a voice and knowing who the voice represents. The terminology used to designate these varying responses remains vague, creating a degree of confusion in the literature. Additionally, terms serving to designate tasks of voice discrimination, voice recognition, and speaker identification are often inconsistent creating further ambiguities. The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to clarify the difference between responses to 1) unknown voices, 2) trained-to-familiar voices as speech stimuli are repeatedly presented, and 3) intimately familiar voices. In an experiment, 13 participants listened to repeated utterances recorded from 12 speakers. Only one of the 12 voices was intimately familiar to a participant, whereas the remaining 11 voices were unfamiliar. The frequency of presentation of these 11 unfamiliar voices varied with only one being frequently presented (the trained-to-familiar voice). ERP analyses revealed different responses for intimately familiar and unfamiliar voices in two distinct time windows (P2 between 200–250 ms and a late positive component, LPC, between 450–850 ms post-onset) with late responses occurring only for intimately familiar voices. The LPC present sustained shifts, and short-time ERP components appear to reflect an early recognition stage. The trained voice equally elicited distinct responses, compared to rarely heard voices, but these occurred in a third time window (N250 between 300–350 ms post-onset). Overall, the timing of responses suggests that the processing of intimately familiar voices operates in two distinct steps of voice recognition, marked by a P2 on right centro-frontal sites, and speaker identification marked by an LPC component. The recognition of frequently heard voices entails an independent recognition process marked by a differential N250. Based on the present results and previous observations, it is proposed that there is a need to distinguish between processes of voice “recognition” and “identification”. The present study also specifies test conditions serving to reveal this distinction in neural responses, one of which bears on the length of speech stimuli given the late responses associated with voice identification.

Neural responses to food stimuli among individuals with eating and weight disorders: a systematic review of event-related potentials

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 318-331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rayane Chami ◽  
Valentina Cardi ◽  
Alexandra Lautarescu ◽  
Nuria Mallorquí-Bagué ◽  
Grainne McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Related Potentials

Null effects of levodopa on reward- and error-based motor adaptation, savings, and anterograde interference

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios J Palidis ◽  
Heather R. McGregor ◽  
Andrew Vo ◽  
Penny A. MacDonald ◽  
Paul L Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Force Field ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Hand Position ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
Visual Error

Dopamine signaling is thought to mediate reward-based learning. We tested for a role of dopamine in motor adaptation by administering the dopamine precursor levodopa to healthy participants in two experiments involving reaching movements. Levodopa has been shown to impair reward-based learning in cognitive tasks. Thus, we hypothesized that levodopa would selectively impair aspects of motor adaptation that depend on reinforcement of rewarding actions.In the first experiment, participants performed two separate tasks in which adaptation was driven either by visual error-based feedback of the hand position or binary reward feedback. We used EEG to measure event-related potentials evoked by task feedback. We hypothesized that levodopa would specifically diminish adaptation and the neural responses to feedback in the reward learning task. However, levodopa did not affect motor adaptation in either task nor did it diminish event-related potentials elicited by reward outcomes. In the second experiment, participants learned to compensate for mechanical force field perturbations applied to the hand during reaching. Previous exposure to a particular force field can result in savings during subsequent adaptation to the same force field or interference during adaptation to an opposite force field. We hypothesized that levodopa would diminish savings and anterograde interference, as previous work suggests that these phenomena result from a reinforcement learning process. However, we found no reliable effects of levodopa.These results suggest that reward-based motor adaptation, savings, and interference may not depend on the same dopaminergic mechanisms that have been shown to be disrupted by levodopa during various cognitive tasks.

scholarly journals Let’s Talk About Each Other: Neural Responses to Dissenting Personality Evaluations Based on Real Dyadic Interactions

2021 ◽  
pp. 095679762199519
Author(s):  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Anne Höhner ◽  
Robert Moeck ◽  
Maximilian Bruchmann ◽  
Thomas Straube
Keyword(s):  
Time Windows ◽  
Early Time ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Late Time ◽  
Dyadic Interactions ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Evaluative Feedback ◽  
Early Posterior Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials

Dyadic interactions are associated with the exchange of personality-related messages, which can be congruent or incongruent with one’s self-view. In the current preregistered study ( N = 52), we investigated event-related potentials (ERPs) toward real social evaluations in order to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying the processing of congruent and incongruent evaluative feedback. Participants interacted first, and then during an electroencephalogram (EEG) session, they received evaluations from their interaction partner that were either congruent or incongruent with their own ratings. Findings show potentiated processing of self-related incongruent negative evaluations at early time points (N1) followed by increased processing of both incongruent negative and positive evaluations at midlatency time windows (early posterior negativity) and a prioritized processing of self-related incongruent positive evaluations at late time points (feedback-related P3, late positive potential). These findings reveal that, after real social interactions, evaluative feedback about oneself that violates one’s self-view modulates all processing stages with an early negativity and a late positivity bias.

Human Sex Differences in Emotion Prediction: Evidence from Event-Related Potentials

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 925-934 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangming Ran
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Perceptual Bias ◽  
Human Sex Differences ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Recognition Efficiency

Women and men process emotion stimuli in different ways. Few of the previous researchers who have examined how emotion recognition differs between the sexes, looked at sex differences in emotion prediction. Thus, I investigated women's and men's perceptions of emotional faces in predictable and unpredictable conditions. Results showed that behaviorally, women's response accuracy was higher than men's. In contrast, neurally, men had greater P1 amplitudes for happy faces compared with angry faces in right hemisphere electrodes, suggesting that men have a perceptual bias toward happy faces. Further, women exhibited larger N170 amplitudes for predictable versus unpredictable angry faces in right hemisphere electrodes. This may reflect enhanced sensitivity to detecting anger. Finally, there was a significant positive correlation between behavioral and N170 predictability effects. This result may indicate that emotion prediction enhances neural responses while improving recognition efficiency at the behavioral level. In this respect, the electrophysiological results and behavioral data were consistent.

scholarly journals Exposure to money modulates neural responses to outcome evaluations involving social reward

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121
Author(s):  
Jin Li ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Yu Sun ◽  
Wei Fan ◽  
Mei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Social Reward ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Final Choice ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Gain Loss ◽  
Market Mode ◽  
Outcome Evaluations

Abstract Recent research suggests that exposure to monetary cues strengthens an individual’s motivation to pursue monetary rewards by inducing the ‘market mode’ (i.e. thinking and behaving in accordance with market principles). Here, we examined the effect of market mode on social reward processes by means of event-related potentials (ERPs). Participants primed with monetary images or neutral images acted as advisors who selected one of two options for a putative advisee. Subsequently, all participants passively observed the advisee accepting or rejecting their advice and receiving a gain or loss outcome. After money priming, the feedback-related negativity (FRN) to the advisee’s gain/loss outcome was larger following incorrect as compared to correct advice irrespective of whether the advice had been accepted or rejected. A smaller P3 following incorrect advice showed only when the advice was rejected. After neutral priming, the FRN was larger for incorrect relative to correct advice only when the advice had been rejected. However, the P3 was larger for correct relative to incorrect advice irrespective of the advisee’s final choice. These findings suggest that the market mode facilitates early and automatic feedback processing but reduces later and controlled responding to outcomes that had been accepted.

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