Influence of Soil pH on Persistence of Atrazine in the Field

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 515-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.E. Hiltbold ◽  
G.A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Avena Sativa ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Unit Increase

Persistence of 1.12, 2.24, and 3.36 kg/ha of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] applied preemergence to corn (Zea maysL. ‘Funk's 4761′) was determined in three soils, each providing a range of pH from 5 to 7. Samples of surface soil from each plot were collected at intervals after atrazine application until there was no evidence of phytotoxicity to oat (Avena sativaL. ‘Florida 501′) in bioassay. Persistence (Y50) was defined as the number of days following atrazine application until bioassay indicated 50% relative growth of oats (no atrazine = 100% growth). This period ranged from 24 to 178 days, depending upon soil type, pH, and atrazine rate. Persistence of atrazine increased with increasing soil pH. The effect of soil pH was essentially the same at each atrazine rate and did not vary appreciably with years in a given soil. In McLaurin sandy loam, atrazine persisted 8 to 9 days longer with each unit increase in soil pH. In Hartsells fine sandy loam and Decatur silt loam, atrazine persistence increased 9 to 13 days and 29 days, respectively, with each unit pH.

Sorption and Mobility of Chlorimuron in Alabama Soils

Weed Science ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Goetz ◽  
Robert H. Walker ◽  
Glenn Wehtje ◽  
Ben F. Hajek
Keyword(s):  
Thin Layer ◽  
Thin Layer Chromatography ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Solution Technique ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Layer Chromatography

Soil thin-layer chromatography and a soil solution technique were used to evaluate chlorimuron adsorption and mobility in five Alabama soils. The order of adsorption was atrazine > metribuzin > chlorimuron; mobility was chlorimuron > metribuzin > atrazine. The order of adsorption of chlorimuron in the five soils was Sumter clay > Eutaw clay > Lucedale fine sandy loam > Decatur silt loam > Dothan sandy loam, and Rfvalues were 0.63, 0.73, 0.69, 0.76, and 0.80, respectively. Chlorimuron mobility and adsorption were not highly correlated to any one soil type. Adsorption of all herbicides was inversely related to soil pH. Maximum chlorimuron adsorption in the Hiwassee loam was attributed to the high hematite and gibbsite content of the soil.

scholarly journals Evaluating Seed-covering Devices and Presswheels for Directly Seeding Mustard and Cabbage

1998 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Richard L. Parish
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Brassica Crops ◽  
Direct Seeded ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Plant Stand ◽  
Moisture Conditions

Stands of brassica crops obtained with precision seeders are sometimes inadequate or nonuniform. Although several types of covering devices and presswheels are available from precision seeder manufacturers, the effects of covering devices and presswheels on plant emergence of direct-seeded Brassica crops have not been determined. In Spring and Fall 1996, six crops of mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czerniak] and four crops of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. capitata group) were direct seeded with a precision belt seeder using four covering devices and four rear presswheels. All of the covering devices and presswheels evaluated were adequate for direct seeding mustard and cabbage under the soil moisture conditions and soil type (silt loam or fine sandy loam) found in these experiments. Although poor stands were obtained with all seed covering devices and presswheels when 7.8 inches (199 mm) of rain occurred within 3 days of planting, plant stand of cabbage was greater when the paired arm device was used than with drag-type or no covering devices.

EFFECTS OF SEED INOCULATION METHODS WITH PEAT-BASED RHIZOBIUM MELILOTI ON ALFALFA

1975 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
UMESH C. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Seed Treatments ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Medicago Sativa L ◽  
Uniform Manner

Saranac alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was grown on Charlottetown fine sandy loam (CHFSL) and Culloden sandy loam (CSL) in the greenhouse and field. Uninoculated, inoculated with peat-based rhizobia (I), inoculated and molybdenum-treated (IMo), inoculated and lime-coated (ILC), and inoculated, lime-coated and Mo-treated (ILCMo) seeds were included. At soil pH 5.0 and 5.3 in the greenhouse, the dry weights of alfalfa ranged from 214 to 727 mg/plant in the four cuttings from the ILC and ILCMo seed. The dry weights of alfalfa from the I and IMo seed were 1.3 to 99.7% of those from the ILCMo seed. Alfalfa from the ILC and ILCMo seed was well nodulated, whereas I and IMo seed resulted in poor nodulation. The 1973 field experiment showed that ILC and ILCMo seed at soil pH 5.5 and 5.6 resulted in alfalfa dry matter (DM) yields of 4,050 and 4,830 kg/ha which were equal to DM yields from plots with a pH of 6.0 and 6.1 seeded with inoculated seed. In plots with pH 5.5 and 5.6, total DM yields from I and IMo seed were 26.0–49.7% lower than those from ILCMo seed. In 1972, seed treatments on CHFSL at pH 5.6 did not influence the DM yields of alfalfa, whereas on CSL at pH 5.2 the crop failed to establish except from ILC and ILCMo seed and in limed plots at pH 5.9. In the first cutting, high N concentrations of alfalfa tissue coincided with good growth and good nodulation. The Mo concentrations of alfalfa tissue were not influenced in a uniform manner by seed treatments and varied from 0.11 to 0.49 ppm in the first cut tissue.

scholarly journals Contribution of Eelemental Sulfur to Soil Acidification, Fe Release and Uptake by corn (Zea mays L.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Karimi
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Acidification ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Glasshouse Experiment ◽  
Fe Toxicity ◽  
S Application

Abstract—A glasshouse experiment was conducted to elucidate the effectiveness of elemental sulfur as a soil acidulates on solubility of soil Fe and it’s uptake by corn (Zea mays L.). Four rates of elemental sulfur, 0, 0.5, 1 and 2 g S kg-1 soil, incubated for 0, 20 and 40 days before corn plantation. The result showed that with one unit increase in S application rate the soil pH decreased about 1.52 units and the solubility of the Fe was significantly increased. The concentration of Fe in corn leaves and stem were increased with soil acidification from the background of 7.03 to 5.42 due to elemental sulfur application rate of 1 g S kg-1 soil. However, further soil acidification decreased Fe concentration in corn. Overall, application of elemental sulfur at a rate of 0.5 g S kg-1 soil is recommended to enhance corn performance by 45 percent without the risk of Fe toxicity for corn and the minimum Fe export to groundwater. 

Influence of Soil pH ons-Triazine Availability to Plants

Weed Science ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 378-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Best ◽  
J. B. Weber ◽  
T. J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Silt Loam

Field studies indicated that liming an acid Bladen silt loam from pH 5.5 to 7.5 increased the phytotoxicity of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] and prometryn [2,4-bis-(isopropylamino)-6-methyoxy-s-triazine]. Liming greatly increased the persistence of atrazine, but did not affect prometryn dissipation. Liming increased the14C-concentration present in the shoots of corn (Zea MaysL. ‘Pioneer 3369A’), cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Coker 201’), and soybeans [Glycine Max(L.) Merr. ‘Ransom’] from soil treated with14C-ring labeled atrazine, prometryn, and hydroxyatrazine [2-hydroxy-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] in greenhouse studies. Decreases in14C-uptake by the crops were associated with adsorption and degradation of the compounds in the soil. Atrazine was taken up in much greater amounts than hydroxyatrazine. Cotton absorbed less of thes-triazines than soybeans or corn from soil.

scholarly journals Potato Insect Control, 1992

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
A. C. Slocombe ◽  
D. N. Ferro
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Egg Masses ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Potato Insect

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 1 May in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 10N:10P:10K/ acre) was banded into the furrow at planting. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 1 Jul. CPB densities on 4 Jun were 1.2 adults, 50 eggs, 0.3 early instars per plant, and CPB densities on 15 Jun were 3.3 adults, 167 eggs, 6 early instars and 1.7 late instars per plant. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area between plots. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering 70 gal/acre. Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 5 (first hatch), 15 (30% hatch) and 22 (50% hatch and 4th instar observed) Jun. All other applications were made on 15, 22, and 29 Jun. For second generation larvae, percentage egg hatch was based on flagging 10 egg masses at the beginning of the ovipositional period, using the percentage hatch based on these eggs. For second generation, Novodor and Foil OF were applied on 6 (first hatch), 8 (30% hatch) and 10 (50% hatch) Jul. All other treatments were applied on 13 (observed 3rd instars) and 24 Jul.

scholarly journals Potato Insect Control, 1994

1995 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-121
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Slocombe ◽  
David N. Ferro
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Insect Control ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Potato Insect

Abstract Potatoes were planted on 30 Apr in South Deerfield, Massachusetts. Fertilizer (600 lbs 1 ON: 10P:1 OK/acre) was banded into the furrow at planting, and an additional 200 lbs was applied at hilling on 30 Jun. Soil type was a fine sandy loam with a pH of 5.6. Manzate (fungicide) was applied at 1 lb. Al/acre on 30 Jun and 25 Jul. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot consisted of two 30 ft. rows with a 6 ft. fallow area separating each plot. Treatments were applied with CO2-pressurized sprayers at 40 psi, delivering about 70 gal/acre. CPB population densities were determined by counting larvae on 5 plants or whole stalks in each plot. The number of early instars (first and second) or late instars (third and fourth) were recorded. Admire was applied in the furrow at planting (136 g AI/A), and in a separate treatment it was applied to the base of the plants on 8 Jun (91 g AI/A). All foliar treatments were first applied on 15 Jun, and the 7 day treatments were applied again on 22, 29 Jun, 6, 13, 20 and 27 Jul. The 14 day treatments were applied on 15, 29 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul.

Distribution of Arsenic in Soil Profiles after Repeated Applications of MSMA

Weed Science ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Hiltbold ◽  
B. F. Hajek ◽  
G. A. Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Loamy Sand ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Column Studies ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam ◽  
Surface Horizon ◽  
Repeated Applications

Arsenic as MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) was applied to three soil types over a 6-year period. Percentage recovery of applied arsenic averaged 67, 57, and 39% in Hart-sells fine sandy loam, Decatur silt loam, and Dothan loamy sand soils, respectively. Essentially all of the arsenic recovered in the soils occurred in the plow layer with no evidence of leaching into deeper zones. Batch-equilibrium and soil-column studies in the laboratory indicated that the rate of MSMA movement through the surface horizon would be fastest in Dothan loamy sand and slowest in Decatur silt loam.

Influence of Acetamide Herbicide Applications on Efficacy of the Protectant CGA-43089 in Grain Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 646-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Simkins ◽  
L. J. Moshier ◽  
O. G. Russ
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Grain Sorghum ◽  
Plant Population ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Fine Sandy Loam

The influence of acetamide herbicide applications on efficacy of CGA-43089 [α-(cyanomethoximino)-benzacetonitrile] in grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] was studied under field conditions. Acetamide herbicides applied preplant and incorporated on a Haynie very fine sandy loam caused more grain sorghum injury in 1979 than in 1978. Reductions in plant population, plant height and yield, along with delay in maturity, were severe for acetochlor [2-chloro-N-(ethoxymethyl)-6′-ethyl-O-acetotoluidide], metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide], and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide]; moderate for diethatyl [N-(chloroacetyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)glycine], xylachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-N-(1-methylethyl)acetamide], and butam [2,2-dimethyl-N-(1-methylethyl)-N-(phenylmethyl)propanamide]; and did not occur for propachlor (2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide) treatments. Acetamide herbicides caused less grain sorghum injury on a Reading silt loam than on a Haynie very fine sandy loam in 1979. CGA-43089 applied as a seed treatment protected grain sorghum grown on soils treated with metolachlor, alachlor, diethatyl, or xylachlor. Metolachlor-triazine combinations at five locations in Kansas reduced yields at two locations. CGA-43089 provided protection from metolachlor injury at those two locations.

Effect of Soil Type and pH on Persistence and Carryover of Imidazolinone Herbicides

1993 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark M. Loux ◽  
Kirk D. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
Imidazolinone Herbicides ◽  
Significant Injury

Field studies were conducted in 1988 through 1990 to determine the effect of soil pH, over a 4.5 to 6.5 range, on imazethapyr persistence and on imazaquin and imazethapyr carryover to ‘Pioneer 3377’ corn in a Crosby silt loam (1.6% organic matter) and a Hoytville clay (3.3% organic matter). Imazethapyr appeared to be more persistent in Hoytville clay than in Crosby silt loam. In Crosby silt loam, imazethapyr persistence increased as pH decreased, whereas soil pH did not affect persistence in Hoytville clay. Imazaquin or imazethapyr did not affect corn grown the year following application to Crosby silt loam. Imazethapyr applied to Hoytville clay did not cause significant injury or yield reduction to corn. Carryover of imazaquin in Hoytville clay caused corn injury and yield reduction, increased as pH decreased, and was more evident at 280 g ai ha−1than at 140 g ha−1.

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