Effects of Herbicides on Weeds and Sweetcorn (Zea mays) Grown on Coarse-Textured Soils

Alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at 3.4 kg/ha, EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 (N,N-diallyl-2,2-dichloroacetamide) at 4.5 + 0.4 and 9.0 + 0.8 kg/ha, vernolate (S-propyl dipropylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 at 4.5 + 0.4 and 9.0 + 0.8 kg/ha, metolachlor [2-chloro N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] at 1.7 and 3.4 kg/ha, and metolachlor + procyazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(cyclopropylamino)1,3,5-triazine-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile} at 1.3 + 1.3 kg/ha were preplant incorporated. These herbicides controlled 95% or more of the barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.], common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), Powell amaranth (A. powellii S. Wats.), and yellow foxtail [Setaria lutescens (Weigel) Hubb.] without injuring sweetcorn (Zea mays L. ‘Golden Jubilee’) or reducing corn yields or quality. Similar results were obtained with preplant incorporated applications of butylate (S-ethyldiisobutylthiocarbamate) + R-25788 at 4.5 + 0.2 kg/ha followed by a postemergence application of the amine salt of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at 0.6 kg/ha. Metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazin-5(4H)-one] at 0.3 and 0.6 kg/ha and metribuzin + alachlor at 0.6 + 2.2 kg/ha applied preplant and incorporated reduced corn stands, primary ear production, and corn yields significantly. None of the herbicides significantly affected total sugars, reducing sugars, soluble solids, moisture content, or succulence of the corn.

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Control of Triazine-Resistant Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and Two Pigweed Species (Amaranthusspp.) in Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500067151 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 440-443 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

E. Patrick Fuerst ◽

Michael Barrett ◽

Donald Penner

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Chemical Treatments ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Methoxybenzoic Acid

Various chemical treatments were evaluated over two growing seasons for control of triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL) and for control of a triazine-resistant infestation containing both redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. # AMARE) and Powell amaranth (A. powelliiS. Wats. # AMAPO). Atrazine [6-chloro-N-ethyl-N′-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine], cyanazine {2-[[4-chloro-6-(ethylamino)-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl] amino]-2-methylpropanenitrile}, and metribuzin [4-amino-6-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-3-(methylthio)-1,2,4-triazin-5(4H)-one] provided unsatisfactory control of these biotypes. Satisfactory control of common lambsquarters was obtained with preemergence applications of pendimethalin [N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine] or dicamba (3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid), or postemergence applications of dicamba, bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile), or bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide]. Satisfactory control of pigweed was obtained with preemergence applications of alachlor [2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-(methoxymethyl)acetamide] or postemergence treatments of dicamba, bromoxynil, or 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid].

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Influence of Rainfall on the Phytotoxicity of Foliarly Applied 2,4-D

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500062111 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 349-355 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Richard Behrens ◽

M. A. Elakkad

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Time Interval ◽

Simulated Rainfall ◽

Response Level ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Wild Mustard ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Brassica Kaber

To study rainfall effects, simulated rainfall was applied to velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedic.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), wild mustard [Brassica kaber(DC.) L. C. Wheeler var.pinnatifida(Stokes) L. C. Wheeler], soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hodgson’], and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) in greenhouse and field studies following foliar applications of the alkanolamine (AKA) salt or the butoxyethanol (BE) ester of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid] at rates that induced equivalent levels of phytotoxicity. Simulated rainfall less than 1 min after herbicide treatment reduced the phytotoxicity of the AKA salt of 2,4-D to a much greater extent than that of the BE ester with effects ranging from elimination of all injury from the AKA salt to soybeans to no reduction in phytotoxicity of the BE ester to common lambsquarters. The quantity of simulated rainfall required to induce maximum reductions in phytotoxicity of the BE ester ranged from 1 mm on common lambsquarters to 15 mm on velvetleaf. The time interval from 2,4-D treatment until rainfall required to achieve a phytotoxic response level of 80% of that attained without rainfall varied greatly among plant species and herbicide formulations; ranging from less than 1 min for the BE ester on common lambsquarters to more than 24 h for the AKA salt on velvetleaf. The addition of an alkylarylpolyoxyethylene glycol surfactant to 2,4-D spray solutions reduced herbicide rates required to induce equivalent levels of phytotoxicity, increased losses in phytotoxicity of the BE ester caused by rainfall, and reduced the time interval from treatment to rainfall required to attain an equivalent level of phytotoxicity with the AKA salt.

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Uptake, Translocation, and Fate of 2,4-D in Nightflowering Catchfly and Common Lambsquarters

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500054734 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 17 (4) ◽

pp. 528-532 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Robert W. Neidermyer ◽

John D. Nalewaja

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Nutrient Solution ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Intact Plants ◽

Treated Leaf ◽

Stems And Leaves ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The uptake, translocation, and fate of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) were compared in nightflowering catchfly (Silene noctiflora L.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), resistant and susceptible species, respectively. Nightflowering catchfly leaf sections absorbed more 2,4-D from 5 × 10-4 M and 5 × 10-6 M 2,4-D solutions at pH 3.0 than did leaf sections of common lambsquarters. Intact plants of both species accumulated 2,4-D in the stems and leaves below the treated leaf. At 72 hr after treatment, nightflowering catchfly released 2,4-D through the roots into the nutrient solution while common lambsquarters continued to accumulate 2,4-D. Nightflowering catchfly metabolized 2,4-D and the metabolite was recovered in the roots 24 hr after treatment, whereas common lambsquarters did not metabolize 2,4-D.

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Weed Seed Decline in Irrigated Soil after Six Years of Continuous Corn(Zea mays)and Herbicides

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500058549 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 32 (1) ◽

pp. 76-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 89

Author(s):

Edward E. Schweizer ◽

Robert L. Zimdahl

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Weed Management ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Management Systems ◽

Weed Seed ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Weed Seeds ◽

The Impact

The impact of two weed management systems on the weed seed reserves of the soil, on the yearly weed problem, and on corn (Zea maysL.) production was assessed where corn was grown under furrow irrigation for 6 consecutive years. In one system, 2.2 kg/ha of atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] was applied annually to the same plots as a preemergence treatment. In the other system, a mixture of 1.7 kg/ha of atrazine plus 2.2 kg/ha of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] was applied preemergence, followed by a postemergence application of 0.6 kg/ha of the alkanolamine salts of 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid]. The response of weeds and corn is presented only where atrazine was applied annually because the results were similar between both weed management systems. Weed seeds from eight annual species were identified, with redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL. ♯ AMARE) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album♯ CHEAL) comprising 82 and 12%, respectively, of the initial 1.3 billion weed seeds/ha that were present in the upper 25 cm of the soil profile. After the sixth cropping year, the overall decline in the total number of redroot pigweed and common lambsquarters seeds was 99 and 94%, respectively. Very few weeds produced seeds during the first 5 yr, and no weed seeds were produced during the sixth year where atrazine was applied annually. When the use of atrazine was discontinued on one-half of each plot at the beginning of the fourth year, the weed seed reserve in soil began to increase due to an increase in the weed population. After 3 yr of not using atrazine, the weed seed reserve in soil had built up to over 648 million seeds/ha, and was then within 50% of the initial weed seed population. In the fifth and sixth years, grain yields were reduced 39 and 14%, respectively, where atrazine had been discontinued after 3 yr.

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Factors Influencing Fluorochloridone Activity in No-Till Corn (Zea mays)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500074725 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 207-214 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Douglas D. Buhler

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Application Time ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

No Till ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Corn Seedling ◽

Carry Over

Application time did not greatly influence control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrastiMedik. # ABUTH) or common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL. # CHEAL) in no-till corn (Zea maysL. ‘Pioneer 3747’) with fluorochloridone {3-chloro-4-(chloromethyl)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-2-pyrrolidinone}. Giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm. # SETFA) control was reduced as much as 25% by 90 days after planting when fluorochloridone was applied early preplant rather than preemergence. Fluorochloridone at 0.8 kg/ha applied preplant or preemergence gave 83% or greater control of common lambsquarters and giant foxtail for the entire growing season. However, velvetleaf control with the same treatments was 61% or less. Fluorochloridone caused minimal corn injury. Greenhouse bioassay indicated that fluorochloridone may carry over and injure soybean[Glycine max(L.) Merr.] the year after application. Imbibition of fluorochloridone by seed of corn and giant foxtail did not reduce germination at concentrations up to 10-3M. Giant foxtail seedling fresh weight was reduced 80% following imbibition of 10-5M fluorochloridone. Corn seedling fresh weight was not reduced by imbibition of up to 10-4M fluorochloridone.

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Control of Wild Cane in Corn

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450007973x ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 272-275 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

O. C. Burnside

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Sorghum Bicolor ◽

Avena Sativa ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

The most effective and dependable method of controlling wild cane [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] in corn (Zea mays L.) was with a combination of cultivation plus herbicides. Timely cultivations were equally or more effective than preplant herbicides in controlling wild cane, but neither method was adequate by itself. The best herbicide in this study for the control of wild cane in corn was S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) alone or in combination with (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) or 2-chloro-4,6-bis-(ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine). Residual effects of simazine at 4 lb/A in the soil reduced the yield of the following oats (Avena sativa L.) crop 1 out of 3 years.

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Interactions between Herbicidal Carbamates and Growth Regulators

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500077547 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 137-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

C. S. James ◽

G. N. Prendeville ◽

G. F. Warren ◽

M. M. Schreiber

Keyword(s):

Acetic Acid ◽

Glycine Max ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Growth Regulator ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Differential Movement ◽

Anisic Acid ◽

Polygonum Lapathifolium ◽

Whole Plants ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid

Interactions between carbamate and growth regulator herbicides were antagonistic both in whole plants and in plant segments. When combinations of isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) were applied to the foliage of either redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.) or pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifoliumL.), the severe twisting effects of 2,4-D were greatly reduced. This interaction did not involve differential movement or metabolism of either herbicide. The induced elongation of soybean hypocotyl sections by the three growth regulators 2,4-D, 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba), and 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) was inhibited in the presence of either chlorpropham orS-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC). Similarly, curvature tests using soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr.) hypocotyl sections showed the curvature induced by the growth regulators to be almost completely eliminated by the presence of the carbamates.

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Response of Weed Seeds to Ethylene and Related Hydrocarbons

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s004317450004337x ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 7-10 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

R. B. Taylorson

Keyword(s):

Chenopodium Album ◽

Active Form ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Weed Species ◽

Hydrocarbon Gases ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Setaria Faberi ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Giant Foxtail ◽

Common Purslane

AbstractGermination of seeds of 10 grass and 33 broadleaved weed species was examined for response to ethylene. Germination was promoted in nine species, inhibited in two, and not affected in the remainder. Of the species promoted, common purslane (Portulaca oleraceaL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and several Amaranths, including redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexusL.), were affected most. Transformation of phytochrome to the active form (Pfr) gave interactions that ranged from none to syntergistic with the applied ethylene. In subsequent tests seeds of purslane, redroot pigweed, and giant foxtail (Setaria faberiHerrm.), a species not responsive to ethylene, were examined for germination response to 14 low molecular weight hydrocarbon gases other than ethylene. Some stimulation by the olefins propylene and propadiene was found for purslane and pigweed. Propionaldehyde and butyraldehyde were slightly stimulatory to purslane only.

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Effect of reduced herbicide rates on weed control, environmental impact and profitability of corn

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08216 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 969-975

Author(s):

Nader Soltani ◽

Richard J Vyn ◽

Laura L Van Eerd ◽

Christy Shropshire ◽

Peter H Sikkema

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Zea Mays L ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

Ambrosia Artemisiifolia ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Profit Margins ◽

Profitability Analysis ◽

Biomass Reduction

A study was conducted over a 3-yr period (2003, 2004, and 2005) to evaluate the effect of reduced herbicide rates - 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the manufacturer’s recommended rate (MRR) - on weed biomass reduction, environmental impact (EI), yield, and profitability of corn (Zea mays L.) in Ontario. The herbicide rate required to provide 95% biomass reduction of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medic.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), and annual grasses was 92, 30, 41, 28, and 83% of the MRR for isoxaflutole plus atrazine, >200, 119, 23, 23, and 117% of the MRR for dimethenamid plus dicamba/atrazine, 141, 72, 46, 45, and >200% of the MRR for glufosinate plus atrazine, and 81, 29, 18, 24, and 88% of the MRR for nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr, respectively. The herbicide rate required to provide 95% of weed-free corn yield was 61, 22, 130, and 11% of the MRR for isoxaflutole plus atrazine, dimethenamid plus dicamba/atrazine, glufosinate plus atrazine, and nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr, respectively. Nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr had the lowest EI. The results of profitability analysis suggested that the MRR rates do not tend to maximize profit margins. In most cases, there were no significant differences in profit margins for treatments with 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the MRR. Key words: Atrazine, dicamba, diflufenzopyr, dimethenamid, glufosinate, nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, Zea mays L.

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Early Season Broadleaf Weed Control in Onion

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.41.4.971d ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 41 (4) ◽

pp. 971D-972

Author(s):

Harlene M. Hatterman-Valenti ◽

Carrie E. Schumacher ◽

Collin P. Auwarter ◽

Paul E. Hendrickson

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Chenopodium Album ◽

Field Studies ◽

Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽

High Rate ◽

Early Season ◽

Common Lambsquarters ◽

Redroot Pigweed ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Residual Control

Field studies were conducted at Absaraka, Carrington, and Oakes, N.D., in 2005 to evaluate early season broadleaf weed control and onion (Allium cepa L.) injury with herbicides applied preemergence to the crop. DCPA is a common preemergence herbicide used in onion. However, DCPA can be uneconomical in most high-weed situations, or the usage may be restricted due to possible groundwater contamination. Potential substitutes evaluated were bromoxynil, dimethenamid-P, and pendimethalin. Main broadleaf weeds were redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.). In general, all herbicides, except bromoxynil, provided acceptable broadleaf weed control 4 weeks after treatment. The highest herbicide rate provided greater weed control compared with the lowest rate for each herbicide. However, onion height was also reduced with the highest herbicide rate. In addition, the two highest rates of dimethenamid-P reduced the onion stand compared with the untreated. A postemergence application of bromoxynil + oxyfluorfen + pendimethalin to onion at the four- to five-leaf stage controlled the few broadleaf weeds that escaped the preemergence treatments and provided residual control of mid- and late-season germinating broadleaf weeds at two of the three locations. Intense germination of redroot pigweed during July at the Oakes location reduced onion yield with all treatments compared with the hand-weeded check. In contrast, total onion yields with all herbicide treatments except the high rate of dimethenamid-P were similar to the hand-weeded check at Absaraka and Carrington.

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