Effects of Droplet Composition on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Cranmer ◽  
Dean L. Linscott
Keyword(s):  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Relative Absorption ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Negative Effect

In laboratory studies, absorption and translocation of glyphosate in velvetleaf was dependent on the concentration of both glyphosate and surfactant in the applied droplet(s). At equivalent total quantities applied, absorption by leaves was greater with concentrated droplets than with more dilute droplets in greater number. Increasing the surfactant concentration increased the relative absorption of dilute glyphosate droplets but did not overcome the negative effect of higher droplet number on total amount absorbed. More glyphosate was translocated from concentrated versus the most dilute droplets at equivalent total quantity applied. Conversely, more absorbed glyphosate from dilute droplet applications remained in the treated leaves. About 90% of translocated14C glyphosate from the most concentrated drops was distributed evenly between roots and shoot tissue above the treated leaf and the remainder in shoot tissue below the treated leaf. As droplet number increased and surfactant concentration decreased, the relative amount of glyphosate distributed in roots declined in relation to shoots.

Cloransulam Antagonizes Annual Grass Control with Aryloxyphenoxypropionate Graminicides But Not Cyclohexanediones

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 763-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff W. Barnes ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Treatment Control ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf

Field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies were conducted to examine the potential for antagonism of postemergence graminicides when tank-mixed with cloransulam and to determine the role of herbicide absorption and translocation in observed antagonistic responses. Cloransulam antagonized annual grass control with aryloxyphenoxypropionate herbicides fluazifop-P, quizalofop, and the prepackaged formulation of fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop. Cloransulam did not affect annual grass control with the cyclohexandiones clethodim and sethoxydim. In the greenhouse, increasing the rate of the graminicides was a more effective strategy for overcoming antagonism for quizalofop than for fluazifop-P or fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop, and success was species dependent. Annual grass control with clethodim, sethoxydim, and glyphosate was not adversely affected by tank mixtures with cloransulam. Control of large rhizome johnsongrass was initially reduced when cloransulam was mixed with sethoxydim, fluazifop-P plus fenoxaprop, or quizalofop. By 6 wk after treatment, control of rhizome johnsongrass was antagonized only when cloransulam was mixed with sethoxydim. Rainfall within 1.5 h of application reduced johnsongrass control with glyphosate and sethoxydim but did not affect activity of the other herbicides. Absorption of14C-fluazifop-P and14C-quizalofop into broadleaf signalgrass was not affected by cloransulam 6 or 24 h after treatment. Translocation of14C-fluazifop-P to broadleaf signalgrass shoot tissue above and below the treated leaf was decreased when fluazifop-P was combined with cloransulam. Translocation of quizalofop was not affected by cloransulam.

Aminocyclopyrachlor Absorption, Translocation and Metabolism in Field Bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis)

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bradley Lindenmayer ◽  
Scott J. Nissen ◽  
Philip P. Westra ◽  
Dale L. Shaner ◽  
Galen Brunk
Keyword(s):  
Plant Tissue ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Convolvulus Arvensis ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Field Bindweed ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Aboveground Tissue

Field bindweed is extremely susceptible to aminocyclopyrachlor compared to other weed species. Laboratory studies were conducted to determine if absorption, translocation, and metabolism of aminocyclopyrachlor in field bindweed differs from other, less susceptible species. Field bindweed plants were treated with 3.3 kBq14C-aminocyclopyrachlor by spotting a single leaf mid-way up the stem with 10 µl of herbicide solution. Plants were then harvested at set intervals over 192 h after treatment (HAT). Aminocyclopyrachlor absorption reached a maximum of 48.3% of the applied radioactivity by 48 HAT. A translocation pattern of herbicide movement from the treated leaf into other plant tissues emerged, revealing a nearly equal aminocyclopyrachlor distribution between the treated leaf, aboveground tissue, and belowground tissue of 13, 14, and 14% of the applied radioactivity by 192 HAT. Over the time-course, no soluble aminocyclopyrachlor metabolites were observed, but there was an increase in radioactivity recovered bound in the nonsoluble fraction. These results suggest that aminocyclopyrachlor has greater translocation to belowground plant tissue in field bindweed compared with results from other studies with other herbicides and other weed species, which could explain the increased level of control observed in the field. The lack of soluble metabolites also suggests that very little metabolism occurred over the 192 h time course.

Differential Absorption and Distribution as a Basis for the Selectivity of Bifenox

Weed Science ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. R. Leather ◽  
C. L. Foy
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
General Distribution ◽  
Differential Absorption ◽  
Greenhouse Soil ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Soil Mix

The uptake and distribution of14C-bifenox [methyl 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitrobenzoate] was different among corn(Zea maysL.), soybean(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) and velvetleaf(Abutilon theophrastiMedic.) following preemergence application to a greenhouse soil mix. Autoradiographs of seedlings harvested 14 days after treatment, showed the14C to be in (or on) those areas of the crop plant in contact with the treated soil. Velvetleaf translocated14C residue throughout the shoot. Absorption of14C-compound(s) from treated nutrient solution accumulated in the roots of the three species but to a greater extent in soybean. There was no difference in the concentration of14C in the shoots. However, in corn and soybean the14C-compound(s) was confined to the primary and secondary leaf veins while velvetleaf showed a general distribution throughout the leaf tissue. Velvetleaf absorbed and translocated bifenox from shoot zones to a greater extent than the crop plants. Some acropetal movement was noted following leaf application to corn and velvetleaf but movement was only 3% of applied14C from the treated leaf. No movement was detected in soybean.

Aminocyclopyrachlor Absorption and Translocation in Three Aquatic Weeds

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 248-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor D. Israel ◽  
Wesley J. Everman ◽  
Robert J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Aquatic Weeds ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Herbicide Treatment ◽  
Treated Leaf

Studies were conducted to evaluate 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor absorption and translocation in alligatorweed, waterhyacinth, and waterlettuce. Alligatorweed plants were treated at the seven-node stage, waterhyacinth was treated at the five-leaf stage, and waterlettuce was treated at the eight-leaf stage. All plants were pretreated with nonlabeled aminocyclopyrachlor at 0.14 kg ai ha−1 with 1% (v/v) methylated seed oil (MSO). 14C-aminocyclopyrachlor was then applied to a protected leaf, and plants were harvested at 1, 2, 4, 12, 24, and 96 h after treatment (HAT). Radioactivity was determined in the treated leaf, shoots above treated leaf, shoots below treated leaf, roots, and growing solution. Absorption was rapid in all species and reached a maximum of 73, 72, and 73% of applied radioactivity for alligatorweed, waterhyacinth, and waterlettuce, respectively. In alligatorweed at 96 HAT, 43% of absorbed carbon-14 (14C) was translocated to shoots above the treated leaf and 17% was translocated to lower shoot tissue. In waterhyacinth at 96 HAT, 56% of absorbed 14C remained in the treated leaf, whereas 14 and 13% were found in parts above and below the treated leaf, respectively. In waterlettuce at 96 HAT, 50 and 33% of absorbed radioactivity was located above the treated leaf and in the growing solution, respectively. The low recovery of aminocyclopyrachlor in alligatorweed roots and growing solution might explain regrowth potential after herbicide treatment. These results also indicate that the lack of waterlettuce control with aminocyclopyrachlor is not due to reduced absorption or translocation.

scholarly journals Experimental studies of the capillary desaturation curve in polymer-surfactant flooding

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-46
Author(s):  
A. G. Skripkin ◽  
I. N. Koltsov ◽  
S. V. Milchakov
Keyword(s):  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Surfactant Solution ◽  
Residual Oil ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Surfactant Flooding ◽  
Phase Permeability ◽  
Oil Saturation ◽  
Residual Oil Saturation ◽  
Polymer Surfactant

The paper presents the results of laboratory studies of polymer-surfactant flooding on core samples of different permeability. The obtained data are used in hydrodynamic modeling. Experimental studies included: • study of the dynamics of oil displacement, plotting the dependence of the residual oil saturation on the surfactant concentration – interfacial tension at the interface of the surfactant-oil solution; • comparative experimental studies of residual oil saturation when oil is displaced by surfactant compositions of various manufacturers; • comparative studies of phase permeability in flood experiments for the filtration of oil and water, oil and polymer-surfactant solution at different ratios in the flow.

Droplet Makeup and the Effect on Phytotoxicity of Glyphosate in Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 406-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Cranmer ◽  
Dean L. Linscott
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Active Ingredient ◽  
Surfactant Concentration ◽  
Abutilon Theophrasti ◽  
Amphoteric Surfactant ◽  
Leaf Stage

Velvetleaf was treated at the three and one-half leaf stage with one, three, or nine drops (1 μl each) of glyphosate and an amphoteric surfactant with the concentration of the droplets adjusted so that the total amount of active ingredient applied to each plant was constant. The phytotoxicity of glyphosate to velvetleaf was dependent on both the concentration of glyphosate and surfactant within the droplet A single concentrated droplet of glyphosate and surfactant was more effective in reducing the growth of velvetleaf than were more dilute droplets in greater number but with the same total quantity of herbicide. If the surfactant concentration was increased, the loss in efficacy was negated, provided the glyphosate concentration in the droplet was sufficiently high. Also, loss in efficiency was negated at increased glyphosate concentration and diluted surfactant level per droplet. The phytotoxic response of velvetleaf treated with one or three drops was greater at 45 than 90% relative humidity. This greater response at low relative humidity continued with increased surfactant concentration in each drop. However, the phytotoxic response was greater at 90 than 45% relative humidity when velvetleaf plants were treated with nine drops. When the surfactant concentration in each drop was increased, the plant's response at the two relative humidity levels did not differ.

SUPERPARASITISM OF GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), LARVAE BY PARASETIGENA SILVESTRIS (ROBINEAU-DESVOIDY) (DBPTERA: TACHINIAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juli R. Gould ◽  
Joseph S. Elkinton ◽  
Thomas M. ODell
Keyword(s):  
Gypsy Moth ◽  
Lymantria Dispar ◽  
Fourth Instar ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Single Host ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Host Mortality ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn the field, superparasitism of Lymantria dispar (L.) by Parasetigena silvestris (Robineau-Desvoidy) was not the result of random oviposition, but, because parasitoid eggs were aggregated, certain hosts were more likely to be parasitized than average. Parasitoid eggs were more aggregated when gypsy moth larvae were collected from under burlap bands than when larvae were collected elsewhere in the same 9-ha plot, resulting in lowered mortality due to parasitism. This finding suggests that collecting larvae from burlap bands may not provide accurate estimates of the impact of P. silvestris on populations of L. dispar. In laboratory studies, deposition of more than one egg on a single host significantly increased parasitoid emergence and host mortality. However, increasing superparasitism had a negative effect on both the probability that an individual parasitoid would survive to emerge from a host and the size of the puparium produced by the parasitoid. The probability of parasitoid survival was higher when fifth- rather than fourth-instar gypsy moth larvae were attacked, but puparia produced by parasitoids emerging from fifth-instar larvae were smaller.

MCPA Synergizes Imazamox Control of Feral Rye (Secale cereale)

2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Kniss ◽  
Drew J. Lyon ◽  
Joseph D. Vassios ◽  
Scott J. Nissen
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
Feral Rye

Field, greenhouse, and laboratory studies were conducted to determine the effect of MCPA ester, fertilizer type, and fertilizer rate on feral rye control with imazamox. In field studies near Sidney, NE, increasing the concentration of liquid ammonium phosphate (10–34–0) from 2.5 to 50% of the spray solution decreased feral rye control with imazamox by as much as 73%. Conversely, adding MCPA ester to imazamox significantly increased feral rye control in field studies by up to 77%. Initial greenhouse studies confirmed the liquid ammonium phosphate antagonism effect, but subsequent greenhouse studies were inconsistent with regard to the interaction between fertilizer and imazamox. At least one source of liquid ammonium phosphate was shown not to be antagonistic, and therefore fertilizer source or contaminants may be responsible for initial field observations. Greenhouse studies confirmed the synergistic interaction between MCPA and imazamox. MCPA ester applied at 560 g ai ha−1 decreased the rate of imazamox required to cause 50% reduction in feral rye dry weight (GR50) to 13 g ha−1 compared to 35 g ha−1 for imazamox alone. Although addition of MCPA ester increased 14C-imazamox absorption by 8% in laboratory studies, less 14C translocated out of the treated leaf; therefore the mechanism of synergism does not appear to be related to imazamox absorption or translocation.

scholarly journals Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Chlorsulfuron in Kentucky Bluegrass and Tall Fescue

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (5) ◽  
pp. 771-774 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Goatley ◽  
A.J. Powell ◽  
M. Barrett ◽  
W.W. Witt
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Treated Leaf

Laboratory studies were conducted to determine the basis for chlorsulfuron selectivity between Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cv. Kenblue) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. cv. Rebel). Tall fescue absorbed and translocated more foliar-applied [14C]-labeled chlorsulfuron from the treated leaf than Kentucky bluegrass. The two species absorbed similar amounts of chlorsulfuron from nutrient solution into the roots, but tall fescue translocated more of the absorbed radioactivity to the shoots. Tall fescue metabolized chlorsulfuron in the shoots slightly more slowly than Kentucky bluegrass. Allof these factors apparently contributed to the higher tolerance of Kentucky bluegrass than of tall fescue to chlorsulfuron. Chemical name used: (2-chloro-N-[[4-methoxy-6-methyl-1,3,5 -triazin-2-yl)amino]-carbonyl] benzenesulfonamide) (chlorsulfuron).

Influence of Bentazon on Absorption and Translocation of Sethoxydim in Goosegrass (Eleusine indica)

Weed Science ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Neil Rhodes ◽  
Harold D. Coble
Keyword(s):  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Antagonistic Interaction ◽  
Shoot Tissue ◽  
Treated Leaf ◽  
The Difference

The absorption and translocation of sethoxydim {2[1-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one} as influenced by bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] were studied in goosegrass [Eleusine indica(L.) Gaertn. ♯3ELEIN]. The presence of bentazon in the treatment emulsion decreased foliar absorption of14C applied as14C-sethoxydim by about half. Significantly less14C was found in the treated leaf, shoot tissue above the treated leaf, shoot tissue below the treated leaf, and roots of plants treated with a mixture of14C-sethoxydim and bentazon than with14C-sethoxydim alone. After 6 h, 3.5% of applied14C was recovered from plant parts other than the treated leaf in the absence of bentazon, compared to 1.1% of that applied in combination with bentazon. The difference in foliar absorption between the two treatments may account for the antagonistic interaction between these herbicides observed in the field.

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