Power and Pride

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 605-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Wimmer
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
National Level ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Data Set ◽  
National Pride ◽  
The Past ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Wide Range

Why do some individuals embrace nationalist rhetoric and feel proud of their citizen ship while others do not? This article introduces an exchange-theoretic perspective, according to which national pride depends on access to political power. Seen from this perspective, members of ethnic groups that are not represented in national-level government should be less proud of their nation than those included in the polity. Furthermore, ethnic violence in the past or power-sharing arrangements in the present should reduce trust in the future stability of political representation and thus pride in the nation. From a dynamic point of view, members of ethnic groups whose level of political representation decreased in the past should also see their nation in a less positive light today. To show this, the author uses existing surveys to assemble a new dataset with answers to a similar question about national pride. It covers 123 countries that comprise 92 percent of the world's population. For roughly half of these countries, the ethnic groups listed in the surveys could also be found in another data set that contains information on the political status of these groups. Multilevel ordered logistic regressions at both the country and the group level confirm these hypotheses while taking into account a wide range of individual-level and country-level variables discussed in the existing literature.

Transaction management: gamification of managing companies and people

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ol'ga Tihomirova
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Social Action ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Transaction Management ◽  
Management Skills ◽  
Social Stratum ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

The science and practice of management are presented from a completely new, original author's point of view — as a social action of managers who implement given social roles. In existing theories over the past 100 years, management has been considered as a set of functions, as a process, as a talent, but not as a social action that is carried out by a specific person representing a specific social stratum — managers. Sometimes the theory is too boring and difficult to understand and implement them in practice in the management of specific companies. In this book, the author presents the theory of management as an exciting game that is played not only by managers, but also by staff, consumers, and competitors… In each section, the reader is offered training tasks aimed at developing practical management skills. It will be of interest to entrepreneurs, managers, managers, undergraduate and graduate students studying in the field of "Management", "Economics", "innovation", as well as a wide range of readers interested in management and personal development.

scholarly journals Halal entrepreneurship from Maqasid-al-Sharia’h perspective: inseparable concept for Halalpreneurs

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Abdullah ◽  
M.S.E. Azam
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conference Papers

Entrepreneurship has become one of the vital activities for economic development. It is synonymous with job creation, innovation, improvement in the societal well-being and economic growth in developed and developing countries alike. There is great interest in entrepreneurship globally as well as in Malaysia. Over the past few years, many individuals, as well as families, are actively engaged with the small business. Also, in light of the 2013 GEM study, 12.7% of Americans are effectively occupied with beginning a business or are the proprietor/director of a business that is under three years of age. Simultaneously, the Halal industry, that represents the global Islamic economy, is the fastest-growing market in the world with $2.3 trillion market value. Halal entrepreneurs (Halalpreneurs) are the major contributors to this achievement as they constitute a significant portion of the total establishment in most of the Muslim countries. That is the reason Entrepreneurship has turned into a conventional term that depicts a wide range of practices that include being innovative, devilish and tricky. Entrepreneurship has been defined by many scholars, researchers, industry players, and academicians globally which have also been perceived in the same way by most of the economies around the world. However, the Islamic economy looks at the concept of ‘entrepreneurship’ in a different way and perceives it as ‘Halalpreneurship’. To define entrepreneurship in the halal industry, although, the term ‘Halalpreneurship’ is being used, surprisingly the term has not been defined properly yet. It is essential for the Muslim entrepreneurs to have a proper understanding of Halalpreneurship from Maqasid-al-Shariah perspective. Such point of view is crucial to justify the term in the Halal industry and differentiate from conventional entrepreneurs. On this context, this paper provides concept and definition of Halalpreneurship justifying from the perspective of Maqasid-al-Sharia’h. It also identifies the differences between Halalpreneurs and entrepreneurs using secondary resources available in the forms of literature, research papers, journal papers, articles, conference papers, online publications, etc. The findings of the study will clarify the concept of Halalpreneurship from Maqasid-al-Sharia’h perspective and recognize Halalpreneurs distinguished from conventional entrepreneurs.

scholarly journals Longitudinal variation in national research publication portfolios: Steps required to index balance and evenness

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 1182-1202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Adams ◽  
Gordon Rogers ◽  
Warren Smart ◽  
Martin Szomszor
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
National Level ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Research Publication ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Lorenz Curves ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Subject Categories

National research diversity is explored through the balance of global and national papers in journal categories in the Web of Science (WoS) and Essential Science Indicators (ESI) and we examine the consequences of “normalizing” national publication counts against global baselines. Global balance across subject categories became more even as annual WoS indexing grew fourfold between 1981 and 2018, with a relative shift from biomedicine towards environment and technology. Change at the country level may have tracked this or been influenced by local policy and funding. We discuss choice of methods and indices for analysis: WoS categories provide better granularity than ESI; Lorenz curves are explored but found limiting; the Pratt index, Gini coefficient, and Shannon diversity are compared. At the national level, balance generally increases and is greatest in non-Anglophone countries, perhaps due to shifts in language and journal use. Two aspects of national change are revealed: the balance of actual WoS paper counts and the balance of counts normalized against world baseline. The broad patterns for these analyses are similar, but normalized data indicate relatively greater evenness. National patterns link to research capacity and regional networking opportunities, while international collaboration may blend national differences. A data set is provided for analytical use.

Why share? An analysis of the sources of post-conflict power-sharing

2020 ◽  
pp. 002234332092973
Author(s):  
William G Nomikos
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Power Sharing ◽  
Institutional Choice ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Governance Institutions ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Why do former belligerents institutionalize power-sharing arrangements after a civil war ends? The choice of power-sharing institutions shapes the nature of governance in many post-conflict settings. A better understanding of how belligerents come to choose institutionalized forms of power-sharing would thus help us explain how belligerents come to make a seemingly simple institutional choice that may have immense consequences. Existing scholarship emphasizes the nature of the conflict preceding negotiations, international actors, or state institutional capacity as critical factors for determining whether former belligerents will agree to share power or not. Yet these accounts overlook the importance of political considerations between and within ethnic groups. This article argues that elites create power-sharing institutions when the most significant threat to their political power comes from an outside group as opposed to from within their own group. That is, forward-looking and power-minded leaders of former belligerents push for the type of power-sharing at the negotiating table that affords them the greatest opportunity to influence country-level politics after the conflict has concluded in full. For elites facing competition from outside, this means securing power-sharing through institutional rules and guidelines in the settlement of the civil war to ensure that they are included in the governance of the state. By contrast, for elites fearing in-group rivals, complex governance institutions are at best unnecessary and, at worst, a significant concession to weaker opponents. I test the argument with a cross-national analysis of an original dataset of 186 power-sharing negotiations from 1945–2011. The empirical analysis suggests that elites are most likely to institutionalize power-sharing when no single ethnic group dominates politics and when most ethnic groups are unified. The quantitative analysis is complemented with illustrative examples from cases of power-sharing negotiations that offer insight into the proposed theoretical mechanisms.

scholarly journals Calling referendums on domestic policies: how political elites and citizens differ

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergiu Gherghina ◽  
Nanuli Silagadze
Keyword(s):  
Direct Democracy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Institutional Variables ◽  
Coalition Governments ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Neighboring Country ◽  
Domestic Policies

AbstractMost national level referendums in Europe since 1793 are initiated either by political elites or by citizens. It remains unclear why these two types of initiators call for referendums. This article aims to explain under what circumstances political elites and citizens call referendums on domestic policies. The analysis is conducted at country level using an original data set that covers 461 national level referendums in Europe between 1793 and 2019. It tests the influence of four institutional variables that in theory are expected to have a divergent effect for the two types of initiators. The experience with direct democracy increases the likelihood to have referendums called by elites and reduces the incidence of citizen-initiated referendums. More authoritarian countries and longer time passed from referendums in a neighboring country explain why political elites initiate referendums. Coalition governments are more prone to citizen-initiated referendums on domestic policies compared to single-party governments.

scholarly journals No clear association emerges between intergenerational relationships and COVID-19 fatality rates from macro-level analyses

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Arpino ◽  
Valeria Bordone ◽  
Marta Pasqualini
Keyword(s):  
National Level ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Intergenerational Ties ◽  
Robust Evidence

The SARS-CoV-2 virus, originated in Wuhan (China) at the end of 2019, rapidly spread in more than 100 countries. Researchers in different fields have been working on finding explanations for the unequal impact of the virus, and deaths from the associated disease (COVID-19), in different geographical areas. Demographers and other social scientists, have hinted at the importance of demographic factors, such as age structure and intergenerational relationships. The goal of this article is to reflect on the possible link between intergenerational relationships and COVID-19 cases in a critical way. We show that with available aggregate data it is not possible to draw robust evidence to support such a link. In fact, at the country-level higher prevalence of intergenerational co-residence and contacts is broadly positively associated with number of COVID-19 cases (per 100,000 persons), but the opposite is generally true at the sub-national level. While this inconsistent evidence neither demonstrates the existence nor the inexistence of a causal link between intergenerational relationships and the prevalence of COVID-19 cases, we warn against simplistic interpretations of the available data which suffer from many shortcomings. Only retrospective individual level data will provide robust evidence on the role of intergenerational ties. We conclude arguing that intergenerational relationships are not only about physical contacts between family members. From a theoretical point of view, different forms of intergenerational relationships may have causal effects of opposite sign on the diffusion of COVID-19. Policies devoted at fighting the spread of COVID-19 should also take into account that intergenerational ties are a source of instrumental and emotional support, which may favor compliance to the lockdown and “phase-2” restrictions and may buffer their negative consequences on mental health.

scholarly journals Phythonyms in Turcology

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-599
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Mental Characteristics

Nowadays, phytonyms are gaining great importance in scientific linguistics, they are considered as an etymone reflecting the practical life of a person. The article proves that the names of plants preserve the cultural values of peoples, nations and ethnic groups, their history. At the same time, the names of plants occurring as an appellative in the composition of other Turkic languages, prove the definitions of names in the named language. Phytoonyms, as carriers of relics of the past culture of the Kyrgyz people, are of great importance in upbringing, the next generation in the future. Since these language units contain not only the mental characteristics of these peoples, but at the same time the typological forms of the expression of concepts in the Turkic languages are most clearly reflected. From this point of view, first of all, the author emphasizes the general linguistic meanings of phytoonyms in the formation of metaphors.

scholarly journals Spatially-resolved star formation histories of CALIFA galaxies

2017 ◽  
Vol 607 ◽  
pp. A128 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. González Delgado ◽  
E. Pérez ◽  
R. Cid Fernandes ◽  
R. García-Benito ◽  
R. López Fernández ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Star Formation ◽  
Spectral Synthesis ◽  
High Redshift ◽  
Stellar Mass ◽  
Star Formation History ◽  
Data Set ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fast Quenching

This paper presents the spatially resolved star formation history (SFH) of nearby galaxies with the aim of furthering our understanding of the different processes involved in the formation and evolution of galaxies. To this end, we apply the fossil record method of stellar population synthesis to a rich and diverse data set of 436 galaxies observed with integral field spectroscopy in the CALIFA survey. The sample covers a wide range of Hubble types, with stellar masses ranging from M⋆ ~ 109 to 7 × 1011 M⊙. Spectral synthesis techniques are applied to the datacubes to retrieve the spatially resolved time evolution of the star formation rate (SFR), its intensity (ΣSFR), and other descriptors of the 2D SFH in seven bins of galaxy morphology (E, S0, Sa, Sb, Sbc, Sc, and Sd) and five bins of stellar mass. Our main results are that (a) galaxies form very fast independently of their current stellar mass, with the peak of star formation at high redshift (z > 2). Subsequent star formation is driven by M⋆ and morphology, with less massive and later type spirals showing more prolonged periods of star formation. (b) At any epoch in the past, the SFR is proportional to M⋆, with most massive galaxies having the highest absolute (but lowest specific) SFRs. (c) While today, the ΣSFR is similar for all spirals and significantly lower in early-type galaxies (ETG), in the past, the ΣSFR scales well with morphology. The central regions of today’s ETGs are where the ΣSFR reached the highest values (> 103 M⊙ Gyr-1 pc-2), similar to those measured in high-redshift star-forming galaxies. (d) The evolution of ΣSFR in Sbc systems matches that of models for Milky Way-like galaxies, suggesting that the formation of a thick disk may be a common phase in spirals at early epochs. (e) The SFR and ΣSFR in outer regions of E and S0 galaxies show that they have undergone an extended phase of growth in mass between z = 2 and 0.4. The mass assembled in this phase is in agreement with the two-phase scenario proposed for the formation of ETGs. (f) Evidence of an early and fast quenching is found only in the most massive (M⋆ > 2 × 1011 M⊙) E galaxies of the sample, but not in spirals of similar mass, suggesting that halo quenching is not the main mechanism for the shut down of star formation in galaxies. Less massive E and disk galaxies show more extended SFHs and a slow quenching. (g) Evidence of fast quenching is also found in the nuclei of ETG and early spirals, with SFR and ΣSFR indicating that they can be the relic of the “red nuggets” detected at high redshift.

scholarly journals ETHNIC DIVERSITY AND YOUTH OFFENDING: AN EXAMINATION OF RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorne D. Bertrand ◽  
Leslie D. MacRae-Krisa ◽  
Meghan Costello ◽  
John Winterdyk
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Criminal Offence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Generation Immigrant ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Family

This study examined risk and protective factors for criminal reoffending behaviour among a group of Canadian young people who had committed at least one substantive criminal offence in the past and fell into one of four ethnic groups: (a) Canadian born, parents Canadian born; (b) Aboriginal/Métis; (c) first or second generation immigrant, Caucasian; and (d) first or second generation immigrant, other ethnic background. Risk and protective factors were classified into five domains: individual; family; peer; school; and community. Consistent with previous research, the findings did not reveal many instances where statistically significant differences existed in the presence of risk and protective factors across ethnic groups; however, significant differences that were observed were across a wide range of variables. The implications of the findings within the context of previous research in this area are discussed.

scholarly journals Residual Hole Concentration in Recombination Centres after Bleaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 415-427
Author(s):  
N. K. Pawlak ◽  
A. Timar-Gabor ◽  
A. Chruścińska
Keyword(s):  
Total Dose ◽  
Hole Concentration ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Sediment Dating ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dating Method ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Trapped charge dating method using electron spin resonance (ESR) of quartz is progressively used for sediment dating. ESR signals can be used for accurate age estimation only when these signals are zeroed by sunlight exposure before the layer creation or when one knows their ESR residual level (the part of the signal that is not bleached). It is well known that the ESR signal related to the Al-hole centres in quartz used for sediment dating has a significant residual signal. From the point of view of luminescence models, as a hole trap, the Al-hole centre is considered as a recombination centre in quartz. Recently, it was demonstrated experimentally that the ESR signal of the Al-hole centre is dependent on the total dose absorbed by the quartz sample in the past. The same effect was confirmed by simulations of the charge transport processes for a model including two recombination centres. Here, the dependence of residual hole concentration (RHC) in the recombination centres on the total dose absorbed by a sample in the past is studied in detail by computer simulations for a wide range of model parameters. The impact that the various relations of centre parameters have on the dependence of the residual as a function of dose is investigated and the implications for the dating practice are discussed.

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