Anatolian-Persian grave stelae from Bozüyük in Phrygia: a contribution to understanding Persian presence and organisation in the region

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Hüseyin Erpehlivan
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Connected Group ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
The Core ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Battle Scenes ◽  
Local Materials

Abstract This paper provides an assessment of four grave stelae that were found recently in the area surrounding Bozüyük, on the Anatolian plateau in the south of the Bilecik province. The plateau was part of the core of the kingdom of Phrygia during the Early and Middle Iron Ages, and part of the satrapy of Phrygia during the Achaemenid period of the Late Iron Age in Anatolia. The main focus is to examine the place of such stelae among Anatolian-Persian examples and to explore elements of Persian presence and organisation in the region. The precise archaeological contexts of these stelae are unknown, but are likely to have been tumuli. They are examples of an Anatolian-Persian style from the Achaemenid period, but can also be considered to be part of a somewhat rustic 'rural' sub-style, compared with more elaborate stelae that have been found around Dascylium, the satrapal capital of Hellespontine Phrygia. The Bozüyük stelae feature banquet, hunting and ritual scenes, and also battle scenes that distinguish them from other Anatolian-Persian stelae. Despite similarities, particularly with the Vezirhan stele, there are also discrepancies that make precise analogies with reliefs on other stelae difficult, though not impossible. It is likely that they were created by a connected group of sculptors, and might therefore be evidence of a workshop that sculpted local materials in a unique rural style.

Middle and Late Iron Age Occupation at Cadnam Farm, Alton, Hampshire

2018 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-136
Author(s):  
Oliver Good ◽  
Richard Massey
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
South West ◽  
Middle Iron Age

Three individual areas, totalling 0.55ha, were excavated at the Cadnam Farm site, following evaluation. Area 1 contained a D-shaped enclosure of Middle Iron Age date, associated with the remains of a roundhouse, and a ditched drove-way. Other features included refuse pits, a four-post structure and a small post-built structure of circular plan. Area 2 contained the superimposed foundation gullies of two Middle Iron Age roundhouses, adjacent to a probable third example. Area 3 contained a small number of Middle Iron Age pits, together with undated, post-built structures of probable Middle Iron Age date, including a roundhouse and four and six-post structures. Two large boundary ditches extended from the south-west corner of Area 3, and were interpreted as the funnelled entrance of a drove-way. These contained both domestic and industrial refuse of the late Iron Age date in their fills.

scholarly journals Dealing with the Outside

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 376-393
Author(s):  
Leticia López-Mondéjar
Keyword(s):  
Social Control ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Iron Age

The aim of this paper is to analyse some strategies of power, social control and legitimation during the Iberian Late Iron Age (6th–1st centuries BC). It addresses how the Iberian elites exploited the domain of the ‘outside’ to legitimise and to retain their status. A diachronic approach is presented seeking to analyse the role of the outside realm throughout all the examined period and the variety of its expressions within the Iberian societies. In particular, the paper focuses on the south-east of Spain, an area with a rich archaeological record which, however, have never been approached from this view.

Early Cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau

1961 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 159-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Mellaart
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Alluvial Soil ◽  
Aegean Sea ◽  
List Type ◽  
Neolithic Period ◽  
The South ◽  
Anatolian Plateau ◽  
Distinct Unit ◽  
Neolithic Cultures

The purpose of this article is to describe here some of the material found during our survey of the Konya Plain in 1958. In two previous articles pottery of the 2nd millennium and the Iron Age found here have already been published. That of the Early Bronze Age, the most prosperous period in this area, will be described at a later date, and the present article will only describe the pottery of the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, under the following headings:I.Neolithic cultures of the South Anatolian Plateau.II.The Early Chalcolithic in the Konya Plain.III.The Late Chalcolithic in the Konya Plain.The importance of the Konya Plain in Anatolian prehistory is obvious. It is the largest single plain on the whole of the Anatolian Plateau with alluvial soil, and as such it is the granary of Turkey. No other region on the plateau shows such numbers of ancient mounds, or so many mounds of great size. The survey of this region, geographically as well as archaeologically a distinct unit, has at last linked the western plateau with Cilicia, and the results have shown that there is now a cultural continuum from the borders of Syria to the Aegean Sea since the Neolithic period.

Iron Age Enclosed Settlements in West Wales

2012 ◽  
Vol 78 ◽  
pp. 263-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Murphy ◽  
H. Mytum ◽  
L. Austin ◽  
A.E. Caseldine ◽  
C.J. Griffiths ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Age Dating ◽  
Late Bronze Age ◽  
Late Prehistoric ◽  
Archaeological Remains ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
The Core ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Core Study

This paper presents the results of several years' research on late Iron Age enclosed settlements in west Wales. Geophysical survey was conducted on 21 sites and three of these, Troedyrhiw, Ffynnonwen, and Berry Hill, were part-excavated. Most sites examined were heavily plough-damaged, but results of the surveys and excavations demonstrated that substantial archaeological remains survive. Approximately 60 enclosed settlements lay in the core study area of southern Ceredigion (Cardiganshire), half of which were oval in shape and half rectangular. Both types contain suites of buildings seen in much of the British Iron Age – round-houses and 4-/6-post structures. Evidence from the excavations supports data from elsewhere in the region indicating that small oval enclosures appear in the landscape in the 2nd–1st centuriesbc, with rectangular enclosures constructed right at the end of the Iron Age. Dating is based almost entirely on radiocarbon determinations as, in common with other similar-aged sites in west Wales, artefacts are almost completely absent. It was not possible during excavation at Troedyrhiw to conclusively demonstrate late prehistoric use of the rectangular enclosed settlement, but a Roman pottery assemblage in the upper fills of the enclosure ditch coupled with a two phase entrance is interpreted as indicating Late Iron Age construction. More complex remains were revealed during excavations at Ffynnonwen, a circular enclosed settlement within a larger oval enclosure. Here, three round-houses, a 4- and 6-post structure and other remains were investigated and radiocarbon dated to the 8th–6th centuriesbcthrough to the early Romano-British period. Berry Hill, an inland promontory fort, appeared to be unfinished and abandoned. Radiocarbon determinations indicated a Late Bronze Age construction (10th–8th centuriesbc). The paper concludes with a consideration of a number of interpretive issues regarding settlement, enclosure, identity, and ways of living.

A Late Iron Age Mirror Burial from Latchmere Green, near Silchester, Hampshire

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 331-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Fulford ◽  
John Creighton
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
South West

The discovery by Mr David Walsh, a local metal detectorist, of what proved to be a Late Iron Age, decorated bronze mirror was reported to us on its discovery in the autumn of 1994 and led to a small excavation of the context and immediate environs of the find (Figs 1–2). It was made on the south-facing slope of a low hill, at about the 75 m contour, at SU 632 603 in LP 3516 which lies just within the parish of Bramley and at the southern extremities of a Roman settlement that developed around the junction of the Roman roads leading from Silchester to Winchester and Chichester. The findspot is thus some 2 km south-south-west of the walled area of the Roman town which overlies the heart of the Late Iron AgeoppidumofCalleva. The overall extent of the site as revealed by the distribution of artefacts in the ploughsoil has been plotted by Corney over an area in excess of 6 ha (1984, 283–5, figs 81–3). Although some Silchester Ware of latest Iron Age and earliest Roman date had been recovered from around the centre of the settlement, the bulk of the pottery suggested occupation lay principally between the late 1st/early 2nd century AD and the late 4th century AD.

A Decorated Late Iron Age Torc from Dinnington, South Yorkshire

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pauline Beswick ◽  
M. Ruth Megaw ◽  
J. V. S. Megaw ◽  
Peter Northover
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Metal Detector ◽  
Late Iron Age

In August 1984 Mr James Rickett, using a metal detector adjacent to a public footpath in a wood near Dinnington, South Yorkshire, found a bronze torc. Recognizing it as an important find he promptly took it into Sheffield City Museum, Weston Park. Subsequently the landowners, Mr and Mrs J. H. Morrell, generously donated the torc to the Museum (Accession no. SHEFM:1984.515). Later a careful survey was made of the wood by staff of Sheffield City Museums and the South Yorkshire Archaeology Unit.

Where Eagles Dare: the Iron Age of Norfolk

1996 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 63-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
New Information

A survey is presented of the Iron Age in Norfolk, the area containing the heartland of the tribal territory of the Iceni during the Late Iron Age. It makes use of new information from prolific artefact finds from recent excavations and fieldwork, and employing unpublished data from the county Sites and Monuments Record. Settlement evidence and artefact distributions are analysed and used to construct a model for the development of settlement from the Early Iron Age to the Boudican rebellion of AD 60–61. The model emphasises a process of continuous change, showing the population expanding, moving from west to east and finally onto the central claylands. Evidence for field monuments is reviewed, revealing regional groupings and an association between hillfort-type and rectangular enclosures and linear earthworks with strategic locations on the boundaries of better soils. Three zones are thus defined. Artefact types including tores, coins, coin hoards, and horse equipment also reveal distinct regional patterning. Some larger sites are identified as serving more than simple agricultural functions, playing a key role within and between the three defined zones. The importance of ritual and religion within Iron Age society is emphasised and is considered to underlie the deposition of artefacts and hoards around Snettisham and in the vicinity of the south Norfolk border; a practice later revived in the Romano-British period.

Petrographic and neutron activation analysis of Late Iron Age amphorae from the south western Iberian Peninsula

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 102598
Author(s):  
Violeta Moreno Megías ◽  
Francisco José García Fernández ◽  
Pamela Fragnoli ◽  
Johannes H. Sterba
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Activation Analysis ◽  
Activation Analysis ◽  
Neutron Activation ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Iron Age

Late Iron Age–Romano-British Settlement at Razor's Farm, Chineham, Basingstoke

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 220-254
Author(s):  
Jon Sanigar ◽  
Phil Andrews ◽  
Dana Challinor ◽  
L Higbee ◽  
Inés López-Dóriga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Rural Settlement ◽  
The South ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Late Roman

A Late Iron Age farmstead was represented by an oval ditched enclosure, subsequently cut by another enclosure and together possibly forming a figure-of- eight plan, with contemporary features including a well, pits and post-holes. This was succeeded by a larger, early Roman enclosure in which lay a rectangular post-built structure and a sub-oval gully that may have been associated with a roundhouse, as well as hearths, pits, a well and a waterhole. The final mid–late Roman phase of settlement was characterised by a series of rectilinear enclosures. Although there is nothing of particular note amongst the finds and environmental assemblages, the significance of the site overall is that it provides a rare example of rural settlement of this date and duration on the Hampshire claylands, just to the south of Silchester and close to the Roman road that linked this with Chichester.

Excavations at Lincoln. Third Interim Report: Sites outside the Walled City 1972–1977

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Jones ◽  
Margaret J. Darling ◽  
Brian Gilmour ◽  
R. H. Jones ◽  
K. F. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Second Century ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
The South ◽  
The North ◽  
Late Iron Age ◽  
Ancient City ◽  
The City ◽  
Made In

SummaryExcavations outside the walled area (of the ancient city) have added much to our knowledge of Lincoln's historical development and have demonstrated the potential of the suburbs for further problem-orientated investigations. Evidence was recovered in 1972 for a late Iron Age settlement on the east bank of the Brayford to the south of the later Roman city. The Ermine Street frontage here was heavily built up from the mid-second century for a distance of at least 400 m. from the south gate of the extended colonia. Only slight traces of Roman occupation, however, have been recovered outside the east and west walls of the lower town. Investigation of the medieval suburb of Butwerk revealed a sequence of domestic structures from its origin c. A.D. 1000 through to the post-medieval period, while the development of the ecclesiastical site of St. Mark's church in Wigford reflected to a large extent the changing fortunes of this important southern suburb. Limited work on the north and east banks of Brayford Pool exposed remains of early medieval waterfronts, but the exploitation of the city's waterside is as yet little understood. Further progress has been made in understanding the structures connected with the water supply to the Roman city, and an interesting Roman tile kiln 10 km. south-east of the city is also described.

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