The emergence of a new paradigm in ape language research: Beyond interactionism

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 646-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart G. Shanker ◽  
Barbara J. King
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Interactional Synchrony ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Research ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Emotional Dynamics ◽  
Ape Language

We group the issues raised in the commentaries into five major sections. In the first, section R1, we consider some of the antecedents to dynamic systems (DS) in psychology, biology, anthropology, and primatology and note the key changes that have occurred in DS over the past ten years. Next, in section R2, we explain the ways in which co-regulation differs markedly from interactional synchrony, focusing in particular on the creation of meaning inherent in co-regulated communication. The following section (R3) clarifies the challenge that DS poses to Cartesian assumptions about the nature of communication and contrasts this position with behaviorism. In the next section (R4) we reject the notion that IP and DS may be, in fact, compatible paradigms. Finally, we explain the exciting future we envision for using DS to facilitate consideration of evolutionary questions, particularly those concerning the comparative evolutionary development of socio-emotional dynamics between partners (section R5).

A new paradigm?

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-622
Author(s):  
John D. Bonvillian ◽  
Francine G. P. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Ape Language

Shanker & King argue for a shift in the focus of ape language research from an emphasis on information processing to a dynamic systems approach. We differ from these authors in our understanding of how this “new paradigm” emerged and in our perceptions of its limitations. We see information processing and dynamic systems as complementary approaches in the study of communication.

The emergence of a new paradigm in ape language research

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stuart G. Shanker ◽  
Barbara J. King
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Binary Sequence ◽  
Processing System ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Communicative Development ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Ape Language

In recent years we have seen a dramatic shift, in several different areas of communication studies, from an information-theoretic to a dynamic systems paradigm. In an information processing system, communication, whether between cells, mammals, apes, or humans, is said to occur when one organism encodes information into a signal that is transmitted to another organism that decodes the signal. In a dynamic system, all of the elements are continuously interacting with and changing in respect to one another, and an aggregate pattern emerges from this mutual co-action. Whereas the information-processing paradigm looks at communication as a linear, binary sequence of events, the dynamic systems paradigm looks at the relation between behaviors and how the whole configuration changes over time.One of the most dramatic examples of the significance of shifting from an information processing to a dynamic systems paradigm can be found in the debate over the interpretation of recent advances in ape language research (ALR). To some extent, many of the early ALR studies reinforced the stereotype that animal communication is functional and stimulus bound, precisely because they were based on an information-processing paradigm that promoted a static model of communicative development. But Savage-Rumbaugh's recent results with bonobos has introduced an entirely new dimension into this debate. Shifting the terms of the discussion from an information-processing to a dynamic systems paradigm not only highlights the striking differences between Savage-Rumbaugh's research and earlier ALR studies, but further, it sheds illuminating light on the factors that underpin the development of communication skills in great apes and humans, and the relationship between communicative development and the development of language.

Information processing and dynamical systems approaches are complementary

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-640
Author(s):  
David Spurrett
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Dynamical Systems ◽  
Systems Theory ◽  
Dynamical Systems Theory ◽  
Communication Studies ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Systems Approaches ◽  
False Dichotomy ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Ape Language

Shanker & King (S&K) trumpet the adoption of a “new paradigm” in communication studies, exemplified by ape language research. Though cautiously sympathetic, I maintain that their argument relies on a false dichotomy between “information” and “dynamical systems” theory, and that the resulting confusion prevents them from recognizing the main chance their line of thinking suggests.

Human Uniqueness in the Age of Ape Language Research

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Trachsel
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Continuity Hypothesis ◽  
Machine Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Human Uniqueness ◽  
History Of ◽  
Acquisition Device ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Ape Language

AbstractThis paper summarizes the debate on human uniqueness launched by Charles Darwin’s publication of The Origin of Species in 1859. In the progress of this debate, Noam Chomsky’s introduction of the Language-Acquisition Device (LAD) in the mid-1960s marked a turn to the machine model of mind that seeks human uniqueness in uniquely human components of neural circuitry. A subsequent divergence from the machine model can be traced in the short history of ape language research (ALR). In the past fifty years, the focus of ALR has shifted from the search for behavioral evidence of syntax in the minds of individual apes to participant-observation of coregulated interactions between humans and nonhuman apes. Rejecting the computational machine model of mind, the laboratory methodologies of ALR scientists Tetsuro Matsuzawa and Sue Savage-Rumbaugh represent a worldview coherent with Darwin’s continuity hypothesis.

Does the new paradigm in ape-language research ape behaviorism?

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 635-636
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Pear
Keyword(s):  
Verbal Behavior ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Behavioral Paradigm ◽  
Prediction And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ape Language

Although Shanker & King (S&K) disregard the behavioral paradigm, their arguments are reminiscent of those in Skinner's Verbal Behavior (1957). Like S&K, Skinner maintained that communication is not appropriately characterized as the transmission of information between individuals. In contrast to the paradigm advocated by S&K, however, the behavioral paradigm emphasizes prediction and control as important scientific goals.

Human expression and experience: What does it mean to have language?

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 643-644
Author(s):  
Yves-Marie Visetti ◽  
Victor Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Human Thought ◽  
Language Research ◽  
Ape Language

We support Shanker & King's (S&K's) proposal for a dynamic systems approach in ape language research, but question their vision of what it means to have language. Language plays an essential role in the making of the human mind. It underlies any kind of human interaction and codetermines perception and action. Moreover, what gives human thought the very characteristic architecture of textuality criterially requires a third party.

On the formation of a New Paradigm of fiscal Policy

2013 ◽  
pp. 152-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Senchagov
Keyword(s):  
Public Finance ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Real Economy ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Monetary Aggregate ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis

Due to Russia’s exit from the global financial crisis, the fiscal policy of withdrawing windfall spending has exhausted its potential. It is important to refocus public finance to the real economy and the expansion of domestic demand. For this goal there is sufficient, but not realized financial potential. The increase in fiscal spending in these areas is unlikely to lead to higher inflation, given its actual trend in the past decade relative to M2 monetary aggregate, but will directly affect the investment component of many underdeveloped sectors, as well as the volume of domestic production and consumer demand.

Periodontopathogens: a new view. Systematic review. Part 2

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-167
Author(s):  
E. S. Slazhneva ◽  
E. A. Tikhomirova ◽  
V. G. Atrushkevich
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Periodontal Diseases ◽  
Oral Microbiome ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
The Past

Relevance. The modern view of periodontitis as a dysbiotic disease that occurs as a result of changes in the microbial composition of the subgingival region is considered in a systematic review.Purpose. To study a new paradigm of development of generalized periodontitis.Materials and methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTS) were selected for the study, including cluster RCTS, controlled (non-randomized) microbiological and clinical studies of the oral microbiome in adult patients with generalized periodontitis over the past 10 years.Results. The transition from a symbiotic microflora to a dysbiotic pathogenic community triggers the host's inflammatory response, which contributes to the development of periodontal diseases. Modern ideas about periodontal pathogenic bacteria dictate new requirements for the treatment of periodontal diseases. The second part of the review examines the microbial profiles of periodontal disease in various nosological forms, the mechanisms of the immune response and approaches to the treatment of periodontal disease from the perspective of biofilm infection.Conclusions. As follows from modern literature periodontitis is to a certain extent caused by the transition from a harmonious symbiotic bacterial community to a dysbiotic one. Recent scientific studies have shown that not single microorganism is not able to cause disease but the microbial community as a whole leads to the development of pathology.

The Scientific Value Of Research On Mirmukhsin Fikriy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (08) ◽  
pp. 583-589
Author(s):  
Umriniso Rahmatovna Turaeva
Keyword(s):  
Political Environment ◽  
Continuous Development ◽  
The Past ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
Literary Heritage ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Scientific Value

The history of the Turkestan Jadid movement and the study of Jadid literature show that it has not been easy to study this subject. The socio-political environment of the time led to the blind reduction of the history of continuous development of Uzbek literature, artificial reduction of the literary heritage of the past on the basis of dogmatic thinking, neglect of the study of works of art and literary figures. As a result, the creation of literary figures of a certain period, no matter how important, remained unexplored.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document