Gendered retirement pathways across lifecourse regimes

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Ignacio Madero-Cabib ◽  
Nicky Le Feuvre ◽  
Stefanie König
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Pension Age

Abstract In order to capture the rapidly changing reality of older workers, it is important to study retirement not as a one-off transition, but rather as a series of diverse pathways that unfold during the period before and after reaching the full retirement age. The retirement transitions of men and women have been shown to vary widely according to individual characteristics such as health, education and marital status, but also according to macro-institutional factors, such as welfare regimes and gender norms. While there is a consensus about the combined influence of institutional and individual factors in shaping retirement transitions, previous research has rarely included both levels of analysis. This study aims to close this research gap. Using a pooled-country dataset from three panel surveys, covering 11 nations, we examine the retirement pathways of 1,594 women and 1,105 men during a 12-year period (2004–2016) around the country- and gender-specific full pension age. Results show that retirement pathways diverge considerably across countries and lifecourse regimes. The distribution of men and women between the different pathways is also variable, both within and across societal contexts. More importantly, the influence of individual-level characteristics, such as education, on the gendering of retirement pathways is not identical across societal contexts. These findings provide useful insights into the gender-differentiated implications of policies aimed at extending working lives.

Gender, Ethnicity, and Self-Employment: A Multilevel Analysis across US Metropolitan Areas

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (8) ◽  
pp. 1979-1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Macroeconomic Conditions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

Rates of self-employment differ among ethnic groups, between men and women, and by place. Using the 2000 5% Public Use Microdata Samples and hierarchical regression modeling, I examine in this study how metropolitan labor-market characteristics influence the probability of self-employment among non-Hispanic whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians in the United States, separately for men and women. The results show that, after controlling for individual-level characteristics, metropolitan labor-market characteristics—including macroeconomic conditions, overall business structure, ethnic composition, and residential segregation—significantly influence self-employment patterns across ethnic and gender groups.

De-standardisation and differentiation of retirement trajectories in the context of extended working lives in the Netherlands

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 890-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aart-Jan Riekhoff
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Register Data ◽  
Market Participation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Market Withdrawal ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Labour Market Participation

During recent decades, labour market participation among older workers in the Netherlands has increased significantly. Postponing workers’ labour market withdrawal potentially makes their retirement patterns more uncertain and less predictable. This article uses Dutch register data to analyse de-standardisation and differentiation of retirement trajectories of men and women born between 1940 and 1946 for the age bracket of 59–65 ( N = 12,843). The results indicate that retirement trajectories of men have become more homogeneous, whereas those of women somewhat more heterogeneous. Simultaneously, retirement patterns of both men and women became more complex from one birth year to another.

scholarly journals Planned Retirement Timing in Europe: Are Europeans Adapting to the Policy of Extending Working Lives

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Hess ◽  
Laura Naegele ◽  
Lena Becker ◽  
Jana Mäcken ◽  
Wouter De Tavernier
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Retirement Age ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Self Reported Health Status ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Country Specific

As populations are ageing concerns regarding the sustainability of European welfare states have come to the forefront. In reaction, policy makers have implemented measurements aimed at the prolongation of working lives. This study investigates weather older workers have adapted their planned retirement age, as a result of this new policy credo. Based on data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) the analysis shows an increase of the planned retirement age (1.36 years) across all ten European countries investigated, albeit with country-specific variations. Variations on the individual level can be detected in regard to gender, education and self-reported health status.

scholarly journals Can Psychological Traits Explain Mobility Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic?

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062095257
Author(s):  
Ho Fai Chan ◽  
Jordan W. Moon ◽  
David A. Savage ◽  
Ahmed Skali ◽  
Benno Torgler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mobility Behavior ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Behavior

The current COVID-19 pandemic is a global, exogenous shock, impacting individuals’ decision making and behavior allowing researchers to test theories of personality by exploring how traits, in conjunction with individual and societal differences, affect compliance and cooperation. Study 1 used Google mobility data and nation-level personality data from 31 countries, both before and after region-specific legislative interventions, finding that agreeable nations are most consistently compliant with mobility restrictions. Study 2 ( N = 105,857) replicated these findings using individual-level data, showing that several personality traits predict sheltering in place behavior, but extraverts are especially likely to remain mobile. Overall, our analyses reveal robust relationships between traits and regulatory compliance (mobility behavior), both before and after region-specific legislative interventions, and the global declaration of the pandemic. Further, we find significant effects on reasons for leaving home, as well as age and gender differences, particularly relating to female agreeableness for previous and future social mobility behaviors. These sex differences, however, are only visible for those living in households with two or more people, suggesting that such findings may be driven by division of labor.

The empirical landscape of extended working lives

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debra Street
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Demographic Ageing ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Working Lives ◽  
Dependency Ratios ◽  
Part Time ◽  
And Gender

Population-level factors associated with demographic ageing and policies intended to encourage older workers to extend working lives in Australia, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, UK and US are documented in this chapter. Data are from international sources (mainly the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the CIA Factbook, to ensure comparability) derived from government agencies in the seven countries covered in this volume. Presenting population-level data for each country gives readers a starting point for considering how each nation compares to the others analysed in the later country chapters. Data related to demographic ageing, including patterns in longevity, proportion of national populations aged 65+, and country-specific dependency ratios are presented first. These set the stage for understanding the potential gendered implications of demands for older workers to postpone retirement and extend their working lives. Additional comparative data provided in this chapter include nation-specific patterns of women's and men's labour force participation, gender pay and gender pension gaps, typical retirement ages, and a summary of older worker's recent experiences in the labour market. Patterns of unpaid care work, time use, and full-time versus part-time employment are also compared to provide a foundation against which readers can assess the prospects for older workers in general, and the particular disadvantages faced by older women in particular, when governments demand that individuals postpone retirement and work longer.

scholarly journals The Economic Consequences of Labor Mobility

ILR Review ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Ruhm
Keyword(s):  
Great Variability ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
First Year ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Job Change ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Gender Groups

Unlike most previous research on the relative changes in earnings of job stayers and job changers, this study examines the variance in earnings changes rather than simply average changes, men and women rather than only men, and the five-year period following job change rather than only the first year or two. The author finds great variability in earnings changes both within and across race and gender groups. Notably, men gained more from quits and, except in the case of low-wage workers, lost less from layoffs than women. Also, men suffered a much smaller penalty than women for repeated job changes. For all groups, the percentage difference between earnings before and after leaving a job generally persisted for several years.

Training Participation and Gender: Analyzing Individual Barriers Across Different Welfare State Regimes

2017 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 266-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natascha Massing ◽  
Britta Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Perceived Barriers ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
International Assessment ◽  
And Gender ◽  
And Control ◽  
Welfare State Regimes

Lifelong learning is becoming increasingly important in today’s societies. Individuals need to develop their skills through training in order to be successfully integrated in the labor market. We use data from the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies to investigate gender differences in training across 12 countries. We analyze participation and perceived barriers to training for women in comparison with men and control for family structure and employment. As institutional framework, we use four different welfare state regimes to show how policies can affect the decision to participate. Our results show that different welfare regimes have an impact on the extent adults take part in training and on their perceived barriers. In all countries except Belgium and the Nordic states, men are more likely to participate in training. However, this inequality disappears once controlling for further individual characteristics. Our research provides insights why adults are deterred from engaging in training.

scholarly journals Can psychological traits explain mobility behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Fai Chan ◽  
Jordan W Moon ◽  
David Alan Savage ◽  
Ahmed Skali ◽  
Benno Torgler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Compliance ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Exogenous Shock ◽  
Psychological Traits ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mobility Behaviour ◽  
And Gender

The current COVID19 pandemic is a global exogenous shock, impacting individuals’ decision making and behaviour allowing researchers to test theories of personality by exploring how traits, in conjunction with individual and societal differences affect compliance and cooperation. Study 1 used Google Mobility data and nation-level personality data from 31 countries, both before and after region-specific legislative interventions, finding that agreeable nations are most consistently compliant with mobility restrictions. Study 2 (N=105,857) replicated these findings using individual-level data, showing that several personality traits predict sheltering in place behavior, but extraverts are especially likely to remain mobile. Overall, our analyses reveal robust relationships between traits and regulatory compliance (mobility behaviour) both before and after region specific legislative interventions, and the global declaration of the pandemic. Further, we find significant effects on reasons for leaving home, as well as age and gender differences, particularly relating to female agreeableness for previous and future social mobility behaviours. These sex differences, however, are only visible for those living in households with two or more people, suggesting that such findings may be driven by division of labour.

scholarly journals Science-related populism declining during the COVID-19 pandemic: A panel survey of the Swiss population before and after the Coronavirus outbreak

2021 ◽  
pp. 096366252110568
Author(s):  
Niels G. Mede ◽  
Mike S. Schäfer
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Swiss Population ◽  
Before And After

In many countries, the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased public support for societal institutions including science, a phenomenon described as “rally-round-the-flag” dynamic. However, it is unclear if this dynamic has also reduced public resentment toward science such as science-related populist attitudes, that is, the preference of people’s common sense over allegedly elitist scientific knowledge. We test this, relying on individual-level data from panel surveys before and during the pandemic in Switzerland. Results show that science-related populist attitudes decreased after the pandemic started. The decrease was more pronounced among people who had been strong supporters of science-related populism prior to the pandemic, but otherwise spread equally across different sociodemographic and attitudinal segments of the Swiss population. This shows that the Coronavirus outbreak has the potential to undermine persistent (populist) resentments toward science and its epistemology among the general population.

scholarly journals Die geteilte Arbeit? Möglichkeiten einer sozialpolitischen Steuerung des Careverhaltens von Männern

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-392
Author(s):  
Sabine Beckmann
Keyword(s):  
Parental Leave ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Welfare Policies ◽  
Unpaid Care ◽  
Gender Culture ◽  
And Gender ◽  
National Perspective ◽  
The Impact

This paper examines the impact of political regulations on the gendered division of work between men and women. In particular it focuses on unpaid care and men and highlights, from a cross-national perspective, to what extent different policy frameworks constrain or facilitate the gendered division of unpaid care and men’s contribution and aspirations in relation to care. To address these concerns I firstly propose a model which describes the connection between welfare regimes, division of care, and gender relations on a theoretical basis. Secondly I analyse the development of welfare policies and policy outcomes in Sweden, France and Germany. I will particularly focus on the division of unpaid care between men and women and how men’s behaviour and attitudes have altered over recent decades (e.g. by taking parental leave). Another aspect which will be considered examines how the modifications in gender culture have been supported by social policy in the three countries. Finally I conclude that analysing the gendered division of unpaid care provides a further understanding of the gender order in Sweden, France and Germany. ZusammenfassungGegenstand dieses Beitrags ist die Frage nach den sozialpolitischen Steuerungsmöglichkeiten einer geschlechtergerechten Verteilung von Arbeit zwischen Männern und Frauen. Der besondere Fokus der Untersuchung liegt auf der unbezahlten Arbeit und Männern. Es wird also die Frage behandelt, ob und wie verschiedene Wohlfahrtsstaatssysteme die Verteilung der unbezahlten Arbeit beeinflussen und welche Rolle hierbei Männer spielen. Es wird zunächst ein Modell dargestellt, welches den Zusammenhang zwischen Wohlfahrtsregime, Arbeitsteilung und Geschlechterbeziehungen theoretisch umschreibt. Anhand dieses Modells wird die Entwicklung der auf Geschlechterleitbildern basierenden Wohlfahrtsstaatspolitik in Schweden, Frankreich und Deutschland analysiert und in Zusammenhang mit dem Wirken der Politik anhand der Verteilung von Care zwischen Männern und Frauen gebracht. Besondere Beachtung findet hierbei, inwieweit sich das Verhalten und die Interessen von Männern, beispielsweise hinsichtlich ihrer Bereitschaft Erziehungszeit zu übernehmen, verändert haben, und wie der entsprechende geschlechterkulturelle Wandel sozialpolitisch aufgegriffen und unterstützt wurde. Darüber hinaus zeigt der Beitrag, dass die Erweiterung von Länderanalysen um den Faktor der unbezahlten Arbeit eine genauere Analyse der länderspezifischen Geschlechterordnung ermöglichen kann.

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