Research developments in multiple inheritance with exceptions

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-55
Author(s):  
Peter W. Eklund
Keyword(s):  
Proof Theory ◽  
Nonmonotonic Logic ◽  
Problem Structure ◽  
Multiple Inheritance ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Inheritance Hierarchy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Inheritance Network ◽  
Intuitive Interpretation

AbstractThe inheritance problem can be simply stated: for any instantiation of an inheritance network, say a specific hierarchy Γ, find a conclusion set for Γ. In other words, find out what is logically entailed by Γ. This can be done in two ways: either by defining a deductive or proof theoretic definition to determine what paths are entailed by a network; or by translating the individual links in the network to a more general nonmonotonic logic and using its model and proof theory to generate entailments that correspond to what one would expect from “viewing” the inheritance hierarchy. Two approaches to a solution to the inheritance problem structure this paper. The first is widely known as the “path-based” or “proof theoretic”, and the second, the “Model-based” or “model theoretic”. The two approaches result in both a different interpretation of default links as well as a variation in the entailment strategy for a solution to teh inheritance problem. In either case, the entailments produced need some intuitive interpretation, which can be either credulous or skeptical. The semantics of both skeptical and credulous inheritance reasoners are examined.

The Orchard Plot: Cultivating a Forest Plot for Use in Ecology, Evolution and Beyond

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shinichi Nakagawa ◽  
Malgorzata Lagisz ◽  
Rose E O'Dea ◽  
Joanna Rutkowska ◽  
Yefeng Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
R Package ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Forest Plot ◽  
Point Estimates ◽  
Aggregate Effect ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Heterogeneous Effect ◽  
Intuitive Interpretation

‘Classic’ forest plots show the effect sizes from individual studies and the aggregate effect from a meta-analysis. However, in ecology and evolution meta-analyses routinely contain over 100 effect sizes, making the classic forest plot of limited use. We surveyed 102 meta-analyses in ecology and evolution, finding that only 11% use the classic forest plot. Instead, most used a ‘forest-like plot’, showing point estimates (with 95% confidence intervals; CIs) from a series of subgroups or categories in a meta-regression. We propose a modification of the forest-like plot, which we name the ‘orchard plot’. Orchard plots, in addition to showing overall mean effects and CIs from meta-analyses/regressions, also includes 95% prediction intervals (PIs), and the individual effect sizes scaled by their precision. The PI allows the user and reader to see the range in which an effect size from a future study may be expected to fall. The PI, therefore, provides an intuitive interpretation of any heterogeneity in the data. Supplementing the PI, the inclusion of underlying effect sizes also allows the user to see any influential or outlying effect sizes. We showcase the orchard plot with example datasets from ecology and evolution, using the R package, orchard, including several functions for visualizing meta-analytic data using forest-plot derivatives. We consider the orchard plot as a variant on the classic forest plot, cultivated to the needs of meta-analysts in ecology and evolution. Hopefully, the orchard plot will prove fruitful for visualizing large collections of heterogeneous effect sizes regardless of the field of study.

Foundation for Model Integration: Semantic Backplane

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabor Simko ◽  
Tihamer Levendovszky ◽  
Sandeep Neema ◽  
Ethan Jackson ◽  
Ted Bapty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Design Flow ◽  
Model Transformations ◽  
Model Integration ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Modeling Languages ◽  
Tool Chain ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Term Algebra

One of the primary goals of the Adaptive Vehicle Make (AVM) program of DARPA is the construction of a model-based design flow and tool chain, META, that will provide significant productivity increase in the development of complex cyber-physical systems. In model-based design, modeling languages and their underlying semantics play fundamental role in achieving compositionality. A significant challenge in the META design flow is the heterogeneity of the design space. This challenge is compounded by the need for rapidly evolving the design flow and the suite of modeling languages supporting it. Heterogeneity of models and modeling languages is addressed by the development of a model integration language – CyPhy – supporting constructs needed for modeling the interactions among different modeling domains. CyPhy targets simplicity: only those abstractions are imported from the individual modeling domains to CyPhy that are required for expressing relationships across sub-domains. This “semantic interface” between CyPhy and the modeling domains is formally defined, evolved as needed and verified for essential properties (such as well-formedness and invariance). Due to the need for rapid evolvability, defining semantics for CyPhy is not a “one-shot” activity; updates, revisions and extensions are ongoing and their correctness has significant implications on the overall consistency of the META tool chain. The focus of this paper is the methods and tools used for this purpose: the META Semantic Backplane. The Semantic Backplane is based on a mathematical framework provided by term algebra and logics, incorporates a tool suite for specifying, validating and using formal structural and behavioral semantics of modeling languages, and includes a library of metamodels and specifications of model transformations.

Values, Constraints, and Maneuvers

2021 ◽  
pp. 170-191
Author(s):  
Tehila Kalagy
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Flow Model ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Academic Institutions ◽  
Female Model ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Education Academic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Degree

For about a decade, ultra-Orthodox and Bedouin women have been applying to higher education academic institutions in Israel in order to study despite bans from their conservative communities. Academic studies instill learning and culture, create an encounter with knowledge for the individual and thus carry a high degree of threat to the rigid conservative enclave. This article examines how conservative societies cope with the wheels of change as the process of higher education for women expands. The case studies in this article are 60 educated women from Jewish ultra-Orthodox society and from Negev Bedouin groups in Israel. As shown by the findings, a theoretical flow model based on three parameters emerges: value-constraint-maneuver. In summary, it appears that this model reflects the development of a new conservative female model that combines traditional values with contemporary indicators.

Aviation Oil Demand Combination Forecasting Based on Vectorial Angle Cosine

2013 ◽  
Vol 706-708 ◽  
pp. 1989-1993
Author(s):  
Jun Wang ◽  
Zhi Hong Sun ◽  
Li Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Forecasting Model ◽  
Effect Evaluation ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Minimum Value ◽  
Combination Forecasting ◽  
Oil Demand ◽  
Combination Forecasting Model ◽  
The Individual

According to the individual forecasting of aviation oil consumption, with taking the minimum value of the angle between the actual value vector and the predicted value vector as a target, we established a combination forecasting model based on the vectorial angle cosine. Through the analysis of an actual example, from the perspective of the effect evaluation indicators of prediction reflect that this combination forecasting model is advantage compared to each single forecasting model.

scholarly journals Mixture model-based association analysis with case-control data in genome wide association studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadhaa Ali ◽  
Jian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mixture Model ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
The Individual

AbstractMultilocus haplotype analysis of candidate variants with genome wide association studies (GWAS) data may provide evidence of association with disease, even when the individual loci themselves do not. Unfortunately, when a large number of candidate variants are investigated, identifying risk haplotypes can be very difficult. To meet the challenge, a number of approaches have been put forward in recent years. However, most of them are not directly linked to the disease-penetrances of haplotypes and thus may not be efficient. To fill this gap, we propose a mixture model-based approach for detecting risk haplotypes. Under the mixture model, haplotypes are clustered directly according to their estimated disease penetrances. A theoretical justification of the above model is provided. Furthermore, we introduce a hypothesis test for haplotype inheritance patterns which underpin this model. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated by simulations and real data analysis. The results show that the proposed approach outperforms an existing multiple testing method.

scholarly journals Using of type-ii fuzzy sets and Z-numbers for expert group information formalization

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 116-121
Author(s):  
O.M. Poleshchuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Sets ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Input Information ◽  
Expert Information ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Group Information ◽  
Semantic Spaces ◽  
The Individual

Two models of formalizing group expert information based on fuzzy sets of the second type and Z-numbers have been developed. The construction of fuzzy sets of the second type and components of Z-numbers is carried out using full orthogonal semantic spaces. The construction of semantic spaces is carried out using statistical information or information obtained as a result of a direct survey of experts. The input information for the model based on fuzzy sets of the second type are linguistic estimates of objects. The input information for the model based on Z-numbers are linguistic estimates of objects and the reliability of these estimates. The developed models expand the possibilities of processing expert information, allow preserving the individual characteristics of expert criteria embedded in the data, and at the same time correctly process different types of uncertainty inherent in this data.

scholarly journals FHJ: A formal model for hierarchical dispatching and overriding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Wang ◽  
H Zhang ◽  
BCDS Oliveira ◽  
Marco Servetto
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Formal Model ◽  
Object Oriented ◽  
Object Oriented Programming ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Multiple Inheritance ◽  
New Model ◽  
Dynamic Type ◽  
Inheritance Hierarchy ◽  
Type Information

© Yanlin Wang, Haoyuan Zhang, Bruno C. d. S. Oliveira, and Marco Servetto. Multiple inheritance is a valuable feature for Object-Oriented Programming. However, it is also tricky to get right, as illustrated by the extensive literature on the topic. A key issue is the ambiguity arising from inheriting multiple parents, which can have conflicting methods. Numerous existing work provides solutions for conflicts which arise from diamond inheritance: i.e. conflicts that arise from implementations sharing a common ancestor. However, most mechanisms are inadequate to deal with unintentional method conflicts: conflicts which arise from two unrelated methods that happen to share the same name and signature. This paper presents a new model called Featherweight Hierarchical Java (FHJ) that deals with unintentional method conflicts. In our new model, which is partly inspired by C++, conflicting methods arising from unrelated methods can coexist in the same class, and hierarchical dispatching supports unambiguous lookups in the presence of such conflicting methods. To avoid ambiguity, hierarchical information is employed in method dispatching, which uses a combination of static and dynamic type information to choose the implementation of a method at run-time. Furthermore, unlike all existing inheritance models, our model supports hierarchical method overriding: that is, methods can be independently overridden along the multiple inheritance hierarchy. We give illustrative examples of our language and features and formalize FHJ as a minimal Featherweight-Java style calculus.

scholarly journals Association of Different Estimates of Renal Function With Cardiovascular Mortality and Bleeding in Atrial Fibrillation

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziad Hijazi ◽  
Christopher B. Granger ◽  
Stefan H. Hohnloser ◽  
Johan Westerbergh ◽  
Johan Lindbäck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Renal Function ◽  
Renal Disease ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Major Bleeding ◽  
Cardiovascular Death ◽  
Unique Identifier ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Individual Variables ◽  
The Individual

Background We compared different methods of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and their association with cardiovascular death and major bleeding in 14 980 patients with atrial fibrillation in the ARISTOTLE (Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation) trial. Methods and Results eGFR was calculated using equations based on creatinine (Cockcroft‐Gault, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration [CKD‐EPI]) and/or cystatin C (CKD‐EPI CysC and CKD‐EPI CysC+Creatinine ). These 5 eGFR equations, as well as the individual variables that are used in these equations, were assessed for correlation and discriminatory ability for cardiovascular death and major bleeding. The median age was 70.0 years, and 35.6% were women. The median eGFR was highest with Cockcroft‐Gault (74.1 mL/min) and CKD‐EPI CysC (74.2 mL/min), and lowest with Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (66.5 mL/min). Correlation between methods ranged from 0.49 (Cockroft‐Gault and CKD‐EPI CysC ) to 0.99 (Modification of Diet in Renal Disease and CKD‐EPI). Among the eGFR equations, those based on cystatin C yielded the highest C indices for cardiovascular death and major bleeding: 0.628 (CKD‐EPI CysC ) and 0.612 (CKD‐EPI CysC+Creatinine ), respectively. A model based on the variables within the different eGFR equations (age, sex, weight, creatinine, and cystatin C) yielded the highest discriminatory value for both outcomes, with a C index of 0.673 and 0.656, respectively. Conclusions In patients with atrial fibrillation on anticoagulation, correlation between eGFR calculated using different methods varied substantially. Cystatin C–based eGFRs seem to provide the most robust information for predicting death and bleeding. A model based on the individual variables within the eGFR equations, however, provided the highest discriminatory value. Our findings may help refine risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation and define how renal function should be determined in future atrial fibrillation studies. Registration URL: https://www.clini​caltr​ials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT00412984.

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