The Evolution of Agricultural Policy

1988 ◽  
Vol 116 ◽  
pp. 529-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Ash
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Major Change ◽  
The Core ◽  
Rural Reform

The core of this article comprises three sections. The two outer sections are the more substantial and seek to describe and analyse the evolution of agricultural policy in what has come to be regarded as the first and second stages of China's rural reform. In between, briefer consideration is given to the transitional year of 1984, when a major change in agricultural policy began to be apparent.

The Performance of British Agriculture and the Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy: An Historical Review

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Burkitt ◽  
Mark Baimbridge
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Common External Tariff ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

United Kingdom (UK) accession into the European Economic Community (EEC), which became a political likelihood in 1970 and an actuality in 1973, led to a major change in agricultural policy away from a deficiency payments system supporting farmers' incomes towards the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) method of assistance through farm prices above the market level. Such a basic alteration in government activity not only imposed well-known and thoroughly researched costs on the British economy in the form of higher food prices and an additional burden of protection, it also undermined dominant post-1945 historical trends.Firstly, it reversed a thirty year old process towards greater British self-sufficiency Between 1938 and 1946 UK agricultural production rose in value from 42% to 52% of the country's food imports, while under the deficiency payments scheme, permanently established in peacetime by the 1947 Agriculture Act, the proportion of UK food consumption supplied by domestic producers grew steadily until it reached a level of just under 72% in 1972. EEC membership, involving compulsory adoption of the CAP, initially reversed this movement; British agricultural self-sufficiency fell to 66% in 1977, the year when the Common External Tariff (CET) was first applied in full. The higher import bill that inevitably resulted imposed a severe strain on the UK balance of payments, estimated by the pro-market. Heath government in 1970 at a net annual deterioration in the range of 18% to 26%.

On kinematic dynamos

1970 ◽  
Vol 316 (1525) ◽  
pp. 153-167 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Flow Pattern ◽  
Physical Characteristic ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Dynamo Action ◽  
Electrically Conducting ◽  
The Core ◽  
Electrically Conducting Fluid ◽  
Two Component

The method developed by Bullard & Gellman, to test flows of electrically conducting fluid in a sphere for dynamo action, is applied further to the two-component T 1 S 2c 2 flow pattern they proposed. In agreement with Gibson & Roberts, it is found that the results of the test are negative, which substantiates the indication from Braginskii’s work that the T 1 S 2c 2 flow pattern has too great a symmetry for it to act as a dynamo. However, the addition of a third component, S 2s 2 , to the flow pattern reduces the symmetry and produces results which indicate strongly that the three-component T 1 S 2c 2 S 2s 2 flow does act as a dynamo. Harmonics of magnetic field up to degree six have been taken into account, and this level of truncation appears to be justified. The streamlines of the T 1 S 2c 2 S 2s 2 flow form a distinctive whirling pattern in three dimensions, and this may be a physical characteristic necessary for dynamo action. The main magnetic fields of the T 1 S 2c 2 S 2s 2 dynamo are all toroidal, and the possibility is established that the geomagnetic dynamo is similar, with the dominant components of field being completely contained within the core. Variation of the subsidiary poloidal components of the field may then produce secular variation and even dipole reversals, without major change in the series of interactions between the toroidal components that form the basic dynamo.

scholarly journals From the Editors

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. v-vi
Keyword(s):  
Major Change ◽  
German Politics ◽  
The Core ◽  
Open Issue

Identity and memory have been contentious topics in many societies,particularly for those undergoing major change. Nowhere isthis more the case than in the current Germany, where history andits interpretation matter more than ever precisely because manyingredients of contemporary German politics and society are in flux.This open issue of German Politics and Society features four articlesthat address some of the major topics that are at the core of Germany’sdebates concerning identity and memory.

scholarly journals On the Origins of the Shrine of ‘Abd al-Samad in Natanz: The Case for a Revised Chronology

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
RICHARD McCLARY ◽  
ANA MARIJA GRBANOVIC
Keyword(s):  
Fourteenth Century ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Core

Abstract This article proposes a re-examination of the phases of construction and decoration at the shrine of ‘Abd al-Samad in Natanz and demonstrates that the core fabric and elements of architectural revetments of the shrine are datable to the Seljuq period (431-590/1040-1194), or slightly later. The structure was repurposed and redecorated, including the addition of extensive lustre tiles and stucco, for ‘Abd al-Samad by Zayn al-Din al-Mastari in the early years of the fourteenth century in a series of separate phases. Particular attention is focused on the nature of the original decoration of the shrine, revealed beneath the mortar which held the, now largely removed, Ilkhanid tilework in place. Scrutiny of the decorative interventions illustrates that the application of lustre revetments in the shrine also determined a major change of the function of the monument, from a simple burial structure into a pilgrimage centre in its own right.

Essal: How Far is a Sociology of Organizations Still Needed?

1998 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Claude Thoenig
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Knowledge Process ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sociology Of Organizations ◽  
Specific Discipline ◽  
Core Identity

Any scientific discipline experiences a life cycle. As a specific discipline, the sociology of organizations may well have reached a stage of maturity and entered a declining return of the knowledge process. This is clearly the case with what might be called its standard platform or agenda of research. A major change in recent years has been the emergence of an extended platform or domain. This raises the question: Does this emergence renew the core identity of the discipline or does it dilute the sociology of organizations as a specific discipline? This essai discusses the ambiguity of such a redefinition of the domain ground. It also calls for a more solid and interactive dialogue between general sociology and sociology dealing with organizations.

Recent environmental change in a marine protected area as reflected by sediment proxy data.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Polovodova Asteman ◽  
Thorbjørn Joest Andersen ◽  
Torsten Linders ◽  
Kjell Nordberg ◽  
Nicolas Van Nieuwenhove
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Benthic Foraminifera ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Protected Area ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Marine Protected Area ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
The Core

<p>The Koster Trench is the deepest part of the Kosterfjord (Skagerrak, North Sea), which stretches southward along the west coast of Sweden. Since 2009 Kosterfjord has been included in the Marine Protected Area Kosterhavet National Park due to the presence of cold-water coral reefs. In this study we present multiproxy data from the sediment core KSK12-01D taken in the southern part of the Koster Trench. The core has been dated by <sup>137</sup>Cs and was subject to bulk geochemistry (TOC, C/N and heavy metals: <span>Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb</span>) and micropaleontological (benthic foraminifera, dinocysts and selected palynomorphs) analyses. Results show that the core is an archive for the environmental changes that took place between ~1988 and 2012. Both TOC and heavy metals indicate high/good to moderate ecological quality status, as defined by the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency. Dinocysts suggest a major change occurring in the upper water column around 2002. The cysts of Pentapharsodinium dalei peak around 1992 and shows overall slightly higher relative abundances between 1988 and 2002. Increased abundance of cysts produced by Protoceratium reticulatum (i.e. Operculodinium centrocarpum sensu Wall and Dale 1966), cysts produced by Biecheleria baltica and heterotrophic dinoflagellates, oligotrichids, pollen and spores characterise the upper core part deposited from 2002 to 2012. Furthermore, there is a clear increase of calcareous Alexandrium cysts in the top of the core (~2008-2012). Benthic foraminifera show a major faunal change reflected in a drastic increase of agglutinated species (mainly Textularia earlandi) from 2007 towards present day, while the lower part of the core (1988-2007) is dominated by calcareous species (Stainforthia fusiformis, Epistominella exigua, Cassidulina laevigata, Bulimina marginata andHyalinea balthica). Overall, the changes in the dataset suggest an increased freshwater input or a higher river/land runoff, as supported by a local climate and hydrography data showing increasing precipitation and particulate organic carbon in the surface waters over the time period covered by our record.</p>

scholarly journals Spillback Effects of Expansion When Product-Types and Firm-Types Differ

1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Will Mitchell ◽  
Kulwant Singh
Keyword(s):  
Major Change ◽  
The Core ◽  
New Goods ◽  
Significant Change

Contrary to perspectives that credit firms with only limited abilities to undertake significant change successfully, recent research has demonstrated that firms often improve their performance after undertaking major expansion to their operations. In this paper, we build on a study by Mitchell and Singh (1993) to test for differences in expansion effects, depending on whether the new goods substitute for old products and whether the firm is a generalist or specialist participant in the industry. The analysis helps us understand when a business can undertake major change successfully. The results have implications for ecological and other definitions of the core of a business and highlight the necessity for firms to undertake changes even at considerable risk to their existing operations.

The Choice of the Rural Old-Age Care in Modern China

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Jian Hua Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Rural Education ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Institutional Innovation ◽  
Modern China ◽  
The Core ◽  
Rural Reform ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Mind ◽  
New Situation

The key and difficulty of Old-age care in China are in rural areas, so executing a proper old-age care mode will function well to solve the problem of that among our farmers. As China is at the primary stage of socialism, it determines that the new mode of farmer old-age care is to implement the policy of "the government, families, individuals, society." It should be striving to emancipate the mind and renew ideas to actively promote the modernization that makes the industrialization and urbanization as the core and deepen rural reform and strengthen institutional innovation to develop rural education to improve farmers’ quality. That to implement the new mode of rural old-age care creates a new situation in this area.

Conceptualising the Evolution of the European Union's Agri-Environment Policy: A Discourse Approach

1997 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1869-1885 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R A Clark ◽  
A Jones ◽  
C A Potter ◽  
M Lobley
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environment Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Rural Space ◽  
The Core ◽  
Discourse Model ◽  
Directorate General

Recent studies of the ‘greening’ process in contemporary agricultural policy have been focused chiefly on its outcomes, rather than on an assessment of the public policy significance of the underlying process. We address this question by conceptualising how greening has been mediated by agricultural policy precepts of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union (EU). We examine how farmers' responsibilities pertaining to environmental protection and nature conservation were formalised by policy elites at the supranational level to be supportive of the core principles of the CAP. We suggest that this formalisation, culminating in 1992 with the EU's agri-environment Regulation, has enabled farming interests to use their new environmental management brief as a key element in the industry's struggle to legitimise its historic policy entitlements in the postproduction area. The theoretical basis of this paper draws upon Majone's discourse model of policy change, founded on political science and social learning literatures. We use the explanatory concepts of this model to clarify the evolution of the agri-environment initiative through textual analysis of published and confidential EU agriculture documents from the period 1973–91. Documentary evidence is corroborated by responses from semistructured interviews with senior European Commission officials in the agriculture Directorate, Directorate-General VI, involved in the policy's initiation. The core principles of the CAP emerge as crucial in shaping evolution of the EU agri-environment policy. We define the most important of these principles as occupancy of agricultural land with the aim of ensuring rural stability; and the perceived centrality of the small-scale and family farmer to the (re)structuring of rural space.

scholarly journals The Sixth Sector Industrialization of Agriculture and the Relay Shipping of Vegetables in Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 350-368
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Yonekura
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Resource Mobilization ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Core ◽  
A Value ◽  
Sustainable Value ◽  
Zero Growth ◽  
Middle Income Trap

This paper aims to extract lesson from the experiences of Japan for escaping from the middle income trap which many countries in Asia and Africa confront. This paper will review in detail the efforts to increase the income levels of rural and agricultural firms by establishing a value chain under an almost zero growth economy in the 2000s in Japan. After referring to the condition of Japan agriculture and the framework of structural reform of agricultural policy of Japan, the core action schemes of the Sixth Industrialization and Relay Shipping are focused on. The mechanisms of relay shipping of vegetables and the institutions for facilitating the scheme are reviewed in detail. It is revealed that institutional capacity for greater inter-sector and government coordination are essential for implementing the schemes to establish effective and efficient value chain. These are institutional reform and capacity building efforts in Japan. Experiences in Japan reveal that various executing agencies with good governance are required to establish the mechanism of effective resource mobilization and implement reform of value chain. There have been no detail studies on implementing such reform for establishing sustainable value chain in countries where escaping middle income trap is needed. This study should be useful lesson for countries confronting the middle income trap.

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