The Supplementation of Ammonia Treated Straws for Suckler Cows

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 121-121
Author(s):  
P J Turner ◽  
D A Perks
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cows

A further experiment in a series of trials to look at the effects of treating straws on their feed values, and the responses to different supplements was carried out in the winter of 1982-83. The treatments were:-1)Untreated barley straw (DBS) plus 1.5 kg rolled barley/urea per day2)Ammonia treated barley straw (TBS) alone3)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) alone4)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.5 kg rolled barley5)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.5 kg soya bean meal6)Ammonia treated wheat straw (TWS) plus 0.25 kg rolled barley and 0.25 kg fishmealThere were 7 Hereford x Friesian cows per treatment, all mature animals (third calvers or more) calved in May, bulled with a Charolais bull in July and calves weaned off and cows yarded in November 1982. The trial ran for 145 days from 25 November 1982 to 19 April I983 covering about months 4 to 8 of pregnancy. They were group fed.

Response of fast growing lambs to compound protein level

1991 ◽  
Vol 1991 ◽  
pp. 85-85
Author(s):  
J S Blake ◽  
T D A Brigstocke ◽  
P J Kenyon
Keyword(s):  
Financial Support ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Development Unit ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Market Needs ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Lamb Growth

Reduction of the financial support by the EC to sheep farmers has highlighted the need for lamb fattening diets which can adjust the rate of lamb growth, depending on market needs. A trial was run at BOCM SILCOCK Development Unit, Barhill using 144 Texel and Suffolk x Mule lambs, with a mean start weight of 18.6 ± 0.50 kg (mean ± SE). Lambs were divided into 24 pens and allocated one of four compound diets (Diets A, B, C or D). The diets were designed to be isoenergetic with an estimated energy of 11.4 MJ ME/kg DM and contained 138, 172, 206 and 250 g crude protein/kg DM. Protein levels were increased by increasing soya bean meal inclusion from 0 to 25% and reducing barley and wheat levels.Formulations and actual analysis are shown in Table 1. Lambs were bedded on barley straw refreshed daily, with compound diets and water available ad-lib.

The effect of composition of concentrate on the voluntary intake of silage and milk output

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 1-1
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
J. Bass ◽  
S.R. Daley ◽  
P.M. Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Current Trial ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Friesian Cows

Earlier work at this institute with calves indicated that a concentrate containing a mixture of fibre and fat allowed higher voluntary intakes than a concentrate containing barley. The objective of the current trial was to compare the immediate and residual effects on milk yield and composition of supplements containing starch or a mixture of fibre and fat.Primary growths of perennial ryegrass were cut on 22 May and 12 June and wilted for 24 h prior to ensiling. The earlier cut material was preserved with an additive containing a mixture of formic acid, sulphuric acid and formalin at 4 l/t, whilst the later cut herbage was ensiled with formic acid at 3 l/t. A 60:40 mixture of the two silages was offered ad_ libitum with 2 pelleted supplements. Supplement Ba was a mixture of (DM basis) rolled barley (932 g/kg) and fishmeal (68 g/kg). Supplement SBP/FF consisted of unmolassed beet pulp (555 g/kg), extracted rice bran (315 g/kg), fat prills (56 g/kg) and soya bean meal (75 g/kg). Sources of protein differed in an attempt to balance RDP:UDP supply. The factorial combination of the two supplements (Ba and SBP/FF) given at two levels, 6 kg DM (L) or 12 kg DM (H), provided the 4 treatments imposed over weeks 3 to 10 of lactation on 40 British Friesian cows. During weeks 12 to 20 of lactation (Post experiment period) the cows were given an equal mixture of the two concentrates at 9 kg DM/day. Milk output was adjusted by covariance according to yield in week 2 of lactation.

Sites of digestion in the calf. I. The digestion of diets containing barley and wheat chaff supplemented with soya bean meal or urea

1976 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 287 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Wheat Chaff ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Four Friesian bull calves were fitted with re-entrant duodenal cannulae within 1 week of birth. From 13 weeks of age the calves were fed on one of three diets all containing 17% crude protein. Diet A contained barley, 15% wheat chaff and soya bean meal, diet B barley, 15% wheat chaff and urea, and diet C barley, 45% wheat chaff and soya bean meal. The diets were given for 2 weeks, and on the last day of each feeding period total collections were made of the digesta leaving the abomasum over a 12 hr period. The diets were then changed so that each calf was offered each diet twice. The total apparent digestion of the organic matter in the diet containing 45% wheat straw was less than that of those containing 15% wheat straw. This was due to less digestion in both the stomach and hindgut. The flow of nitrogen from the abomasum, expressed as a percentage of the nitrogen intake, was less when the calves were fed on the diet containing urea (B) than when they were fed on those containing soya bean meal (A and C). Also, a larger proportion of the nitrogen was of microbial origin when they were on diet B. The proportion of essential amino acids in the total amino acids flowing from the abomasum was greater than that in the total amino acids present in all diets. Also, the apparent digestion of essential amino acids in the hindgut was greater than that of non-essential amino acids. It is calculated that methionine and threonine may be limiting for the growth of calves given diets A and B, while dietary metabolizable energy intake was probably the first factor limiting the growth of calves on diet C.

Effect of ammonia treatment or protein supplementation on rumination behaviour in sheep given barley straw

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-445
Author(s):  
P. O. Mawuenyegah ◽  
L. Warly ◽  
T. Harumoto ◽  
T. Fujihara
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Salt Lick ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractA study was conducted to compare the effects of ammoniation and protein supplementation of barley straw on rumination behaviour of sheep. Four wethers were allocated to four diets offered ad libitum in a 4 × 4 Latin-square design. The diets were, untreated barley straw + molasses meal (diet 1), untreated barley straw + soya-bean meal + molasses meal (diet 2), ammonia-treated barley straw + molasses meal (diet 3) and ammonia-treated barley straw + soya-bean meal + molasses meal (diet 4). Animals were kept in metabolism crates throughout each 16-day experimental period and allowed free access to water and a mineralized salt lick. The first 11 days of each period were for adaptation to the harnesses and diets while the last 5 days were used for rumination studies. Animals given diets 3 and 4 had slower eating rates compared with those given diets 1 and 2. Rumination index and duration of each rumination period was lower for sheep consuming diets 3 and 4 than for those on diets 1 and 2 but not significantly so (P > 0·05). Rumination time per 100 g neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) intake was significantly lower (P < 0·01) for diets containing ammoniated straw. Animals given ammoniated straw diets also regurgitated fewer boluses per unit NDF intake than did those on untreated straw diets. The results showed that increased intake and digestibility, which is usually associated with ammoniated straws, was due to sheep doing less work per unit of time to break down straw for digestion. In this way, potentially digestible tissues within a given amount of straw is more readily exposed. The foregoing suggests that ammonia treatment results in less rumination so that ruminants given ammonia-treated straw diets do less work ruminating.

The effects of dietary nitrogen sources and levels on rumen fermentation, nutrient degradation and digestion and rumen microbial activity by wether sheep given a high level of molasses

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Yan ◽  
N. W. Offer ◽  
D. J. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
True Protein

AbstractA 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment with 3-week experimental periods was conducted with four wether sheep, each fitted with a permanent rumen cannula, to evaluate the effects of dietary protein sources and levels on fermentation and microbial activity in the rumen. Four complete diets were offered each containing (g/kg dry matter (DM)) molasses 248, grass silage 200 and barley straw 260. The control diet (C) also contained barley and soya-bean meal and the other three diets were supplemented with urea (CU), soya-bean meal (CS), and soya-bean meal and fish meal (CSF), respectively. This gave foods of similar concentrations of metabolizable energy (ME) and estimated fermentable ME (10·6 and 9·8 MJ/kg DM, respectively), but different levels (g/kg DM) of estimated effective rumen degraded dietary protein (ERDP) and digestible undegraded protein (DUP) (ERDP/DUP, 84/17, 109/17, 116/38 and 119/54 for diets C, CU, CS and CSF, respectively).No clinical symptoms of ill health in the animals due to the feeding of molasses were observed during the experiment. The average pH values of rumen liquors obtained at various sampling times post feeding for diets C, CU, CS and CSF were 6·40, 6·49, 6·62 and 6·47 (s.e.d. 0·06 P < 0·05) respectively and average ammonia-nitrogen concentrations were 63, 81, 90 and 113 mg/l (s.e.d. 14·9, P < 0·02) respectively. The average concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen liquor were similar across the four treatments. The molar proportions of propionate and butyrate were higher for the diet C than for the other three diets (P < 0·05), while acetate was lower (P < 0·05). Supplementing with true protein (P < 0·05), but not with urea (P > 0·05), increased the molar proportions of isobutyrate and isovalerate. Whole tract apparent digestibilities of DM and organic matter did not differ significantly across the four treatments, but neutral-detergent fibre apparent digestibility (0·677, 0·672, 0·716 and 0·728 (s.e.d. 0·017) g/kg DM for diets C, CU, CS and CSF respectively) and the proportions of hay DM that disappeared in the rumen during 24 h incubation (0·223, 0·238, 0·284 and 0·271 (s.e.d. 0·019) g/kg DM) were significantly lower for diets C and CU than CS and CSF (P < 0·05). Urinary excretion of purine derivative nitrogen was similar across the four treatments. The results obtained from the present study indicate that there were no significant differences in the microbial crude protein synthesis in the rumen when a diet containing molasses was supplemented with urea or true protein. However, the supplementation of this control diet with true protein, but not with urea, did stimulate the degradation of hay DM in the rumen and the digestion of dietary fibre in the whole tract.

Influence of energy source and dietary protein degradability on the voluntary intake and digestibility of barley straw by pregnant beef cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Alawa ◽  
G. Fishwick ◽  
J. J. Parkins ◽  
R. G. Hemingway ◽  
T. C. Aitchison
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Dietary Treatments

ABSTRACTThree experiments, designed as three simultaneous 4 × 4 Latin squares (21-day feeding periods), were conducted using pregnant beef cows. Diets were based on barley straw given ad libitum together with 1·7 kg dry matter (DM) of either molassed sugar-beet pulp (MSBP) (experiment 1), unmolassed sugarbeet pulp (USBP) (experiment 2), or rolled barley (BARLEY) (experiment 3). In the respective experiments, MSBP, USBP and BARLEY were given either alone, to provide about 200 g crude protein (CP) per day (CONTROL) or were supplemented with urea (U), untreated soya-bean meal (SBM) or formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (FT-SBM) to provide a further 200 g CP per day. The contrasting dietary treatments in the three experiments provided intakes of rumen-degradable protein (RDP) ranging from 16 to 388 g/day.All protein supplements improved overall straw DM intakes, the improvement being significant for U only (P < 0·01). A linear relationship between the daily intake of RDP (g) and straw DM (kg) was obtained. The regression equation was:DM intake = 5·03 + 0·0035 × RDP (R2 = 0·703; residual s.d. 0·561; d.f. 35; P < 0·001).All protein supplements also improved the apparent digestibility of straw organic matter (OM) (P < 0·05) and the metabolizable energy (ME) obtained from straw (P < 0·01). Blood urea was increased due to supplementation with urea (P < 0·001), SBM (P < 0·01) and FT-SBM (P < 0·05). Supplementation with BARLEY appeared to improve straw DM intake over MSBP and USBP but this was not reflected in improved ME intake from straw.

Further comparisons of energy and protein sources for growing cattle

1985 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Smith ◽  
J. W. Siviter ◽  
R. J. Merry
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummarySpring-barley straw or maize silage were the major components in mixed diets of compound and forage fed to yearling dairy heifers. With straw, rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, soya-bean meal, protected soya-bean meal, whey + urea or Ewoplua (a product made from whey and rich in lactosyl urea). With maize silage the rolled barley was fed either alone or with fishmeal, whey + urea or Ewoplus.When straw was included in the diet fishmeal and protected soya-bean meal increased live-weight gain, and all the supplements increased nitrogen retention. When maize silage was fed, only fishmeal increased live-weight gain although all the supplements increased digestibility. Concentrations of rumen NH3-N were increased by all the supplements, when fed with straw, and also by maize silage when fed without an N supplement or with fishmeal. Small changes were noted in total and molar proportions of VFA.Calculated ME intakes suggested a more efficient use of energy for growth from maize silage than from straw, except when the straw diet was supplemented with fishmeal.

Microbial contribution to duodenal purine flow in fattening cattle given concentrate diets, estimated by purine N labelling (15N) of different microbial fractions

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Vicente ◽  
J. A. Guada ◽  
J. Surra ◽  
J. Balcells ◽  
C. Castrillo
Keyword(s):  
Reference Sample ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Microbial Origin ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
N Enrichment ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

AbstractThe origin of duodenal purine bases (PB) was studied in a digestion experiment with four heifers, cannulated in the rumen and duodenum, which received a basal concentrate (152 g crude protein (CP) per kg dry matter (DM)) together with barley straw (85: 15 fresh weight basis) or the same concentrate supplemented with soya-bean meal, carbohydrate-treated soya-bean meal, maize gluten meal or fish meal to increase its protein content to 192 g/kg DM. Tr eatments were assigned to the four animals in five experimental periods according to an incomplete Latin-square design. Each 30-day period included 20 days of change-over adaptation and 10 days of experimental measurements. The flow of digesta entering the duodenum was estimated using Yb and acid-detergent insoluble ash as indigestible markers according to a double-marker system and microbial nitrogen (N) and PB were labelled with15N infused into the rumen. The proportion of duodenal PB of microbial origin estimated from15N enrichment of PB-N averaged 0·66 (s.e. 0·029) and did not differ between treatments nor when protozoa or bacteria associated with liquid (LAB) and solid (SAB) fractions were used as a reference sample. On average microbial contribution to duodenal non-ammonia N was higher when estimated from the PB/N ratio than from15N (0·67 v. 0·55 (s.e. 0·015)) although differences were small and not significant when LAB was the reference sample (0·58 v. 0·52 (s.e. 0·018)) reflecting the higher PB/N ratio of this fraction compared with SAB and protozoa (2·04 v. 1·65 and 1·60 (s.e. 0·04) mmol/g). Considering only the duodenal PB of microbial origin resulted in estimates of microbial N synthesis from the PB/N ratio of SAB similar to those derived from15N enrichment of both bacterial fractions (12·9 v. 13·5 and 13·3 (s.e. 0·83) g/kg of organic matter apparently digested in the rumen OMADR)) but underestimated the values derived from LAB (9·9 g/kg OMADR). Regardless of the estimation method, neither the duodenal flow of microbial N nor the efficiency of microbial synthesis differed between treatments. These results suggest that a significant proportion of duodenal PB have a non-microbial origin which may lead to overestimation of microbial yield when PB are used as a marker. Differences in PB/N ratio between microbial fractions is another important factor to be considered.

Ammonia treated straw in diets for finishing beef cattle

1984 ◽  
Vol 1984 ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
M Selman ◽  
Jill F B Altman ◽  
R Knight
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Finishing Cattle ◽  
The Third ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Finishing Beef Cattle

In the absence of information on the value of treated straw as a component of the diets of finishing cattle a series of experiments was started in January 1982 to compare diets containing differing proportions of rolled mineralised barley (B) and treated spring barley straw (T) with a control ration of 75% mineralised barley (with extracted soya bean meal supplement (s)) and 25% untreated spring barley straw (U). Two treatments remained common throughout but the others were changed to widen the scope of the investigation. Fishmeal supplementation (F) was introduced as an additional factor in the third trial.

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