Eighth Louis Bleriot Lecture: Making Aeroplanes Independent of Runways

1955 ◽  
Vol 59 (534) ◽  
pp. 381-414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges Hereil
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
World War ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Second World

As technical progress has improved the airborne performance of aircraft, so the difficulties associated with their take-off and landing have increased.The grass airfields which were still commonplace at the end of the Second World War have now developed into complex arrangements of concrete runways of up to three kilometres (two miles) long, taxiways, dispersal areas, and so on. The main disadvantages of these large airfields, both for military and for civil aviation, soon become obvious: —(i)The enormous expenditure in either case; for military aviation this expenditure has to be approved, but it is at the expense of the production of actual aircraft—like Ugolin who ate his children so that they would not be fatherless;for civil aviation, the high cost of airfield construction has hampered the development of aviation in the remote areas where it would be of particular use in raising the standard of living.(ii)The lack of flexibility of air forces operating from fixed bases, thus reducing their efficiency.(iii)The increase in vulnerability as destructive weapons become more highly perfected.

The Development of Military Aviation in Australia

1964 ◽  
Vol 68 (637) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
W. H. Garing
Keyword(s):  
First World War ◽  
Second World War ◽  
List Type ◽  
World War ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World ◽  
First World

Because two world wars have exerted such a profound influence on military aviation I have chosen to treat the subject under the following headings:The BeginningThe First World War.The Inter-War Years.The Second World War.From 1945 to the present.The Future.Under each heading I will endeavour to outline the developments and changes in technology and rôle which have taken place, and to indicate the effects these were to have upon each succeeding period.

The Younger Generation: The Labour Party and the 1959 Youth Commission

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Full Employment ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Younger Generation ◽  
Political Apathy ◽  
Second World ◽  
The Welfare State

In 1956, Martha Gellhorn spent an evening exploring the uncharted territory of London's espresso bars. Her impressions were recorded in an article on “the younger generation”: “Full of expectations and ignorance, I made the long sight-seeing trip through the Espresso-bar country of London, stared at the young natives, and came gladly home at last with many pictures in my mind but little understanding …. The youthful Espresso-ites remained hopelessly strangers, in their strange, small, chosen land; I can only report what I have seen.” Gellhorn's account was punctuated by references to the “strangeness” of her experience. The decor of the bars invoked “distant places” with “bull-fight posters, bamboo, tropical plants, an occasional shell or Mexican mask.” As she traveled through this “strange country,” the sight of a tortilla was “terrifying,” the customers' clothing was breathtakingly exotic, and their skin tones suggested amalgams such as “Chinese-Javanese-Siamese” or “Spanish-Arab-Cuban.” At times, Gellhorn heard French and Italian spoken freely among the espresso bars' young patrons.The foreign topography of youth culture described by Gellhorn was not unusual among accounts of young people in the 1950s, yet until recently this period has been characterized principally as a time of social peace and political apathy, “an age of prosperity and achievement” shaped by “consensus” and a return to normality after the disruption and sacrifices of the Second World War. Following an extended period of austerity, the welfare state and the managed economy seemed to have ensured full employment and an unprecedented standard of living, while the election of successive Conservative governments in 1951, 1955, and 1959 has been explained as the political reflection of rising personal prosperity and security.

From Crime to Cultural Heritage

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Ruotsala
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
Local Dialect ◽  
Post War ◽  
Second World ◽  
Better Than

This article concentrates on one particular local cross-border activity carried on after the Second World War. This was a type of smuggling called joppaus in the local dialect, a practice which was enabled by the post-war economic recession and the scarcity of goods from which Finland suffered. This form of unauthorised economy is said to have been responsible for the rapid revival of the region and its inhabitants after the destruction inflicted by the war. The standard of living in the Tornio River Valley has been better than in the north of Finland in general, and this has been explained in part by this type of smuggling. Furthermore, in the last few decades joppaus has become part of the local cultural heritage.

‘Aviation Will Either Destroy or Save Our Civilization’: Proposals for the International Control of Aviation, 1920—45

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waqar H. Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Air Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
International Peace ◽  
World War ◽  
Liberal Internationalism ◽  
Second World

Proposals for the internationalization of civil aviation and the formation of an international air force blossomed in Britain, France and the United States between 1920 and 1945. The proposals were promoted by liberal internationalist constituencies in these three countries and reveal an enthusiasm for technocracy and technology within liberal internationalism. Aviation, internationalists argued, was too dangerous and held too much potential to be left in the hands of warring nations. It should instead be controlled by an international organization for the benefit of international peace and prosperity. Proposals were linked to the League of Nations in the interwar period and to the proposed United Nations Organization during the second world war. They were discussed at the 1932 League of Nations Geneva disarmament conference, and in 1944, at the Dumbarton Oaks Conference and the Chicago conference on international civil aviation.

The Significance of The Review of Politics

1955 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
John U. Nef
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
World War ◽  
Creative Mind ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Life ◽  
Second World

During the past fourteen years, since the entry of the United States into the Second World War, and especially since the end of the war (with its disillusioning peace blending into the so-called cold war), the United States has had thrust upon it the problems of the overwhelming difficulties of world leadership. Leadership in the true sense of the word cannot be totalitarian or authoritarian. It must be intellectual, moral and spiritual. This our leading statesmen have sometimes recognized, though not, I am inclined to think, often enough. In any event, it is in these spheres that our peoples have been perhaps the least prepared for our mission. Even in the natural sciences, one of the principal creative sources of American leadership has been individual scientists—such as Einstein, Fermi and Teller—bom and trained in Europe, who found asylum in the United States from Nazi or Fascist tyranny. In so far as the creative mind and its place in the national life are concerned, our main weakness has not been, however, in the natural sciences. During the first half of the twentieth century in the United States these have become distinguished in their own right. When it comes to the practical application of science we have led the world. In no other country have the results of new scientific knowledge been utilized technologically to produce as high a standard of living, measured in material quantity, as in the United States.

Hire-Purchase Hardships and Hopes

1962 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-68
Author(s):  
J. W. A. Thornely
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Present System ◽  
World War ◽  
The Social ◽  
Finance Company ◽  
The Law ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Second World

Hire-purchase is no longer the preserve of the poor. Since the Second World War it has become respectable and has helped much to raise industrial production and the standard of living. The social importance of the law of hire-purchase has increased proportionately to the leap in the national hire-purchase and instalment debt from some £461,000,000 in 1955 to £950,000,000 in 1961. Public and judicial dissatisfaction with the law has become increasingly apparent. During and since 1961, the centenary of (probably) the first finance company in the world, a vintage crop of cases of major importance has illustrated some of the main defects of the present system and demonstrated the still unsatisfactory position of the hirer. Numerous recent articles in legal and other periodicals harshly criticise the law and urge reforms, some of which were proposed in two abortive Private Member's Bills. Mr. F. Montgomery's Hire-Purchase of Motor-Vehicles Bill failed to get beyond first reading in February 1961 and Mr. W. T. Williams’ Hire-Purchase Bill, designed to extend and supplement the Hire-Purchase Acts of 1938 and 1954, was talked out on second reading in December 1961, after the Parliamentary Secretary to the Board of Trade had recommended the House to await the report of the Molony Committee on Consumer Protection.

Operational Research, Its Methods and Application: A Review and Prospect

1960 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Gould
Keyword(s):  
Technical Progress ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Operational Research ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Jet Engine ◽  
Normal Limits ◽  
Second World

A feature of modern wars has been the impetus which is given to the development of scientific and technical progress, a phenomenon which is very easily explained by the general urgency of development under the pressure of war requirements, the removal of normal limits on expenditure and the realization of the part that science can play in the development of the engines of war. This was shown to a marked extent in the second world war and amongst the examples can be quoted the vast development of electronic equipment, the emergence of the jet engine as an alternative to the internal combustion engine for motive power and the realization of the use of nuclear power, in the first instance in the form of explosive energy. However, over and above these examples of scientific and technical progress there was one development in the second world war of particular interest, the use of the scientific method of ‘operational research’ (hereafter denoted by O.R.).

Le perfectionnement et la systematisation de la législation en Roumanie

1978 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 225-235
Author(s):  
Mihai Jakota ◽  
Gheorghe Piticaru
Keyword(s):  
Early Period ◽  
Second World War ◽  
List Type ◽  
World War ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Legislative Council ◽  
Legislative Activity ◽  
Consultative Body ◽  
Second World

SummaryConsiderable changes took place in Romanian law after the conclusion of the Second World War and the establishment of the Romanian Socialist Republic. Pre-war legislation was not abolished in toto. It was replaced gradually by new laws more suited to the new government programs.During the early period of legislative change and reform, there was no option for systematic and codified modification of the existing law. Therefore, a greater than usual emphasis was placed on ministerial decrees, orders, instructions, and regulations. These, as well as the regulations and instructions of other government agencies, proliferated extensively. More recently, some of these temporary legislative methods either have been repealed or have become obsolete through passage of time.The ensuing uncertainty of repealed statutes and other legislative provisions eventually led to the adoption of the following legal measures: 1)Establishment of a consultative body, known as the Legislative Council;2)Creation of a register (or index) of legislation in force (for this purpose the entire legislation before 1973 was scanned and, as a result, 2300 laws and other legislative acts were cancelled and another 3000 were found to have lost significance);3)Establishment of a clear program of legislation, with fixed objectives for the areas of law requiring improvement and codification;4)Formulation of a set of rules (methodology) governing all legislative activity and dealing with the initiation and passage of legislation, legislative drafting, delegation of legislative power, public discussion of legislative projects, and other matters pertaining to the making of laws.

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