scholarly journals Epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella in Italy

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. GABUTTI ◽  
M. C. ROTA ◽  
S. SALMASO ◽  
B. M. BRUZZONE ◽  
A. BELLA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

A serosurvey for measles, mumps and rubella was conducted in Italy; incidence based on statutory notifications over the last three decades was also calculated. In Italy the diseases followed an endemic–epidemic pattern, with an incidence peak every 2–4 years, and had a limited reduction of incidence attributable to childhood immunization. Lower notification rates were observed in the Southern regions. This is possibly related to greater under notification in the South and is confirmed by our seroprevalence data. Incidence of measles and rubella and proportion of cases among young adults increased significantly in the three decades considered, but not for mumps. Serological data confirmed that these infections are still very frequent in Italy, without significant geographic variation in the country. In the age groups 2–4 and 5–9 years the percentage of individuals still susceptible to each virus was higher than 30%. The proportion of susceptible subjects older than 15 years was similar for the three infections (6·1, 11·7 and 8·8% for measles, mumps and rubella, respectively). The low vaccine coverage for rubella and measles in Italy has so far only partially affected the occurrence of the diseases. No impact of mumps vaccination is visible. The average number of deaths, for each disease, has decreased during the three study periods. Today the priority in Italy is to halt the progressive increase of the mean age of acquisition of the three infections, to eliminate differences in coverage among regions and to conform to European standards. This will be achieved through a combination of increasing MMR vaccine coverage before 2 years of age, implementing vaccination campaigns for low seroprevalence age groups, and/or introducing a second dose of MMR, depending on the level of current MMR coverage.

scholarly journals A systematic review of varicella seroprevalence in European countries before universal childhood immunization: deriving incidence from seroprevalence data

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (13) ◽  
pp. 2666-2677 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. BOLLAERTS ◽  
M. RIERA-MONTES ◽  
U. HEININGER ◽  
N. HENS ◽  
A. SOUVERAIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Annual Incidence ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Varicella Infection ◽  
Piecewise Constant ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Serological Data

SUMMARYSurveillance systems for varicella in Europe are highly heterogeneous or completely absent. We estimated the varicella incidence based on seroprevalence data, as these data are largely available and not biased by under-reporting or underascertainment. We conducted a systematic literature search for varicella serological data in Europe prior to introduction of universal varicella immunization. Age-specific serological data were pooled by country and serological profiles estimated using the catalytic model with piecewise constant force of infection. From the estimated profiles, we derived the annual incidence of varicella infection (/100·000) for six age groups (<5, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–39 and 40–65 years). In total, 43 studies from 16 countries were identified. By the age of 15 years, over 90% of the population has been infected by varicella in all countries except for Greece (86·6%) and Italy (85·3%). Substantial variability across countries exists in the age-specific annual incidence of varicella primary infection among the <5 years old (from 7052 to 16 122 per 100 000) and 5–9 years old (from 3292 to 11 798 per 100 000). The apparent validity and robustness of our estimates highlight the importance of serological data for the characterization of varicella epidemiology, even in the absence of sampling or assay standardization.

Modelling the impact of varicella vaccination on varicella and zoster

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-481 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. KARHUNEN ◽  
T. LEINO ◽  
H. SALO ◽  
I. DAVIDKIN ◽  
T. KILPI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Varicella Vaccine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Varicella Vaccination ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
Notification Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Case Notification

SUMMARYIt has been suggested that the incidence of herpes zoster may increase due to lack of natural boosting under large-scale vaccination with the varicella vaccine. To study the possibility and magnitude of such negative consequences of mass vaccination, we built a mathematical model of varicella and zoster epidemiology in the Finnish population. The model was based on serological data on varicella infection, case-notification data on zoster, and new knowledge about close contacts relevant to transmission of infection. According to the analysis, a childhood programme against varicella will increase the incidence of zoster by one to more than two thirds in the next 50 years. This will be due to increase in case numbers in the ⩾35 years age groups. However, high vaccine coverage and a two-dose programme will be very effective in stopping varicella transmission in the population.

Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996–2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations?

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 651-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIKSEN ◽  
I. DAVIDKIN ◽  
G. KAFATOS ◽  
N. ANDREWS ◽  
C. BARBARA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
International Comparisons ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Multivariable Model ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
High Coverage ◽  
Vaccination Strategies ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
Antibody Titres

SUMMARYMumps outbreaks have recently been recorded in a number of highly vaccinated populations. We related seroprevalence, epidemiological and vaccination data from 18 European countries participating in The European Sero-Epidemiology Network (ESEN) to their risk of mumps outbreaks in order to inform vaccination strategies. Samples from national population serum banks were collected, tested for mumps IgG antibodies and standardized for international comparisons. A comparative analysis between countries was undertaken using age-specific mumps seroprevalence data and information on reported mumps incidence, vaccine strains, vaccination programmes and vaccine coverage 5–12 years after sera collection. Mean geometric mumps antibody titres were lower in mumps outbreak countries [odds ratio (OR) 0·09, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·01–0·71)]. MMR1 vaccine coverage ⩾95% remained protective in a multivariable model (P < 0·001), as did an interval of 4–8 years between doses (OR 0·08, 95% CI 0·01–0·85). Preventing outbreaks and controlling mumps probably requires several elements, including high-coverage vaccination programmes with MMR vaccine with 4–8 years between doses.

Circuli development on body scales of young pond-reared walleye (Stizostedion vitreum)

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 912-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Glenn ◽  
J. A. Mathias
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
The Body ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Scale Growth ◽  
Caudal Peduncle ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Body

The development of circuli on the scales of young walleye were related to fish size and age. The species first develop scales in the caudal peduncle region of the body when the fish are approximately 30 mm in total body length and about 36 days old. Scale growth and circulus formation are directly related to body growth, with maximum deposition occurring in late July and early August. Seldom are circuli continuous ridges surrounding the scale focus; rather the number of lateral and central circuli are dependent on scale shape, body size, and time. The distances between respective circuli of all age groups examined were relatively constant except for a progressive increase in intercircular spaces between the first four circuli of fish aged 36–64 days. Within each age group the mean intercircular distances between the first 10 to 12 circuli tended to decrease with distance from scale focus. Cteni develop on caudal scales when scales have four to five circuli and when walleye are about 6 weeks of age.

scholarly journals Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections in Germany After the Introduction of Routine Childhood Immunization, 2001–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Takla ◽  
Viktoria Schönfeld ◽  
Heike Claus ◽  
Manuel Krone ◽  
Matthias an der Heiden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serotype B ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract Background Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) serotype b (Hib) vaccination was introduced in Germany in 1990. This study presents a comprehensive overview on the burden of invasive Hi infections for 2001–2016, including serotype distribution and ampicillin resistance. Methods Nationwide data from statutory disease surveillance (2001–2016) were linked with laboratory surveillance data (2009–2016). Besides descriptive epidemiology, statistical analyses included multiple imputation to estimate secular trends. Results In 2001–2016, 4044 invasive Hi infections were reported. The mean incidence was 3.0 per million inhabitants, higher in males (3.2 vs 2.9 in females) and in the age groups &lt;1 year (15.2) and ≥80 years (15.5). Nontypeable Hi (NTHi) caused 81% (n = 1545) of cases in 2009–2016. Of capsulated cases, 69% were serotype f and 17% serotype b. Of Hib cases eligible for vaccination, 10% (3/29) were fully vaccinated. For 2009–2016, significant increasing trends were observed for NTHi and Hif infections in the age groups &lt;5 years and ≥60 years and for ampicillin resistance in NTHi. Conclusions This is one of the most comprehensive Hi data analyses since the introduction of Hib vaccines. NTHi and Hif cause an increasing disease burden among elderly patients and infants. Ampicillin resistance in NTHi must be considered in the treatment of invasive Hi infections.

scholarly journals Assessing real-world vaccine effectiveness against severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection from routine surveillance data in Switzerland

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanina Anderegg ◽  
Christian L Althaus ◽  
Samuel Colin ◽  
Anthony Hauser ◽  
Anne Laube ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Risk ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Routine Surveillance ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
Over Time

Background. In Switzerland, SARS-CoV-2 vaccination campaigns started early 2021. Vaccine coverage reached 65% of the population in December 2021, mostly using mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer-BioNtech. Simultaneously, the proportion of vaccinated among COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths rose, creating some confusion in the general population. We aim to assess vaccine effectiveness against severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection using routine surveillance data on the vaccination status of COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths and data on vaccination coverage in Switzerland.Methods. We consider all routine surveillance data on COVID-19-related hospitalizations and deaths received at the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health from 1 July 2021 to 1 December 2021. We estimate the relative risk of COVID-19 related hospitalization or death for non-fully vaccinated compared to fully vaccinated individuals, adjusted for the dynamics of vaccination coverage over time, by age and location. We stratify the analysis by age group and by calendar month. We assess variations in the relative risk of hospitalization associated with the time since vaccination.Results. We include a total of 5,948 COVID-19-related hospitalizations of which 1,245 (21%) were fully vaccinated, and a total of 739 deaths of which 259 (35%) were fully vaccinated. We find that the relative risk of COVID-19 related hospitalization is 12.5 (95%CI: 11.7 to 13.4) times higher for non-fully vaccinated than for fully vaccinated individuals. This translates into a vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization of 92.0% (95%CI: 91.4 to 92.5%). Vaccine effectiveness against death is estimated to 90.3% (95%CI: 88.6 to 91.8%). Effectiveness appears comparatively lower in age groups over 70 and during the months of October and November 2021. We also find evidence of a decrease in vaccine effectiveness against hospitalization for individuals vaccinated for 25 weeks or more, but this decrease only appears in age groups below 70.Conclusions. The observed proportions of vaccinated among COVD-19-related hospitalizations and deaths in Switzerland are compatible with a high effectiveness of mRNA vaccines from Moderna and Pfizer-BioNtech against hospitalization and death in all age groups. Effectiveness appears comparatively lower in older age groups, suggesting the importance of booster vaccinations. We find inconclusive evidence that vaccine effectiveness is waning over time. Repeated analyses will be able to better assess waning and the effect of boosters.

scholarly journals Pertussis Serodiagnosis in Belgium from 1990 to 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 588-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muriel Vincent ◽  
Caroline Rodeghiero ◽  
Romain Eylenbosch ◽  
Yvan Mans ◽  
Jeannine Swalus-Steenhouwer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Whooping Cough ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Children And Young Adolescents ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

ABSTRACTDiagnosis of pertussis by culture and PCR is most sensitive when performed on nasopharyngeal specimens collected <2 weeks and <3 weeks, respectively, after the onset of clinical disease. Conversely, serological testing allows the diagnosis of patients (mostly adults) with less typical whooping cough symptoms, for whom clinical samples are often collected at later time points. Here, we report on a 20-year serodiagnostic survey of pertussis in Belgium from 1990 to 2009. In total, 13,163 patients were analyzed forBordetella pertussis-specific antibodies by agglutination, complement fixation, immunofluorescence, and ELISA. The number of positive pertussis cases detected by serodiagnosis ranged between 50 and 150 annually. The mean age of positive cases increased from 9.9 years in 1990 to 33.9 years in 2009. Whereas from 1990 to 2003, children and young adolescents made up the majority of cases, from 2004 onwards, cases were detected in all age groups and the distribution became bimodal, with a first peak at the age of 10 to 20 years and a second at the age of 35 to 50 years. In contrast, patients diagnosed since 2001 by PCR and/or culture were mostly children younger than 1 year of age. Despite extensive childhood vaccination campaigns, whooping cough is still present in Belgium. Our findings confirm the potential role of adults in the continued transmission of pertussis and strongly warrant booster or cocoon vaccinations in older age groups.

Prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella in the childhood population in Singapore, 2008–2010

2012 ◽  
Vol 141 (8) ◽  
pp. 1721-1730 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. W. ANG ◽  
F. Y. LAI ◽  
S. H. TEY ◽  
J. CUTTER ◽  
L. JAMES ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Immunization Programme ◽  
Childhood Population ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

SUMMARYWe undertook a national paediatric seroprevalence survey of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) in Singapore to assess the impact of the national childhood immunization programme against these three diseases after introduction of the trivalent MMR vaccine in 1990. The survey involved 1200 residual sera of Singapore residents aged 1–17 years collected from two hospitals between 2008 and 2010. The overall prevalence of antibodies against measles, mumps and rubella was 83·1% [95% confidence interval (CI) 80·9–85·1], 71·8% (95% CI 69·1–74·2) and 88·5% (95% CI 86·6–90·2), respectively. For all three diseases, the lowest prevalence was in children aged 1 year (47·8–62·3%). The seroprevalence of the vaccinated children declined over time. The national MMR immunization programme is effective in raising the herd immunity of the childhood population, although certain age groups are more susceptible to infection, in particular, those who are not eligible for vaccination at age <15 months.

Age related volume of cadaver-prostates in Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Rukshana Ahmed ◽  
Shamim Ara
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group A ◽  
Key Words Prostate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Pathological changes in the prostate gland occur commonly with advancing age including inflammation, atrophy, hyperplasia and carcinoma and a change in volume is also evident. Estimation of volume of prostate may be useful in a variety of clinical settings. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to see the changes in volume of the prostate with advancing age and done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2006 to June 2007. The study was performed on 70 post-mortem human prostates collected from the unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age groups; group A (10-20 years), group B (21-40 years) and group C (41-70 years). Volume of the sample was measured by using the ellipsoid formula. The mean ± SD volume of prostate was 7.68 ± 3.64 cm3 in group A, 10.61 ± 3.99 cm3 in group B and 15.40 ± 6.31 cm3 in group C. Mean difference in volume between group A and group C, group B and group C were statistically significant (p<0.001). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and volume of prostate (r = + 0.579, p < 0.001). Key Words: Prostate; volume; Bangladeshi. DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6501Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 74-77

Observation of the Pulp Chamber of Maxillary First Premolars: A Micro-computed Tomographic Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
Gozde Serindere ◽  
Ceren Aktuna Belgin ◽  
Kaan Orhan
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chamber Floor

Background: There are a few studies about the evaluation of maxillary first premolars internal structure with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The aim of this study was to assess morphological features of the pulp chamber in maxillary first premolar teeth using micro- CT. Methods: Extracted 15 maxillary first premolar teeth were selected from the patients who were in different age groups. The distance between the pulp orifices, the diameter of the pulp and the width of the pulp chamber floor were measured on the micro-CT images with the slice thickness of 13.6 µm. The number of root canal orifices and the presence of isthmus were evaluated. Results: The mean diameter of orifices was 0.73 mm on the buccal side while it was 0.61 mm on palatinal side. The mean distance between pulp orifices was 2.84 mm. The mean angle between pulp orifices was -21.53°. The mean height of pulp orifices on the buccal side was 4.32 mm while the mean height of pulp orifices on the palatinal side was 3.56 mm. The most observed shape of root canal orifices was flattened ribbon. No isthmus was found in specimens. Conclusion: Minor anatomical structures can be evaluated in more detail with micro-CT. The observation of the pulp cavity was analyzed using micro-CT.

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