scholarly journals Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infections in Germany After the Introduction of Routine Childhood Immunization, 2001–2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja Takla ◽  
Viktoria Schönfeld ◽  
Heike Claus ◽  
Manuel Krone ◽  
Matthias an der Heiden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Serotype B ◽  
Increasing Trends

Abstract Background Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) serotype b (Hib) vaccination was introduced in Germany in 1990. This study presents a comprehensive overview on the burden of invasive Hi infections for 2001–2016, including serotype distribution and ampicillin resistance. Methods Nationwide data from statutory disease surveillance (2001–2016) were linked with laboratory surveillance data (2009–2016). Besides descriptive epidemiology, statistical analyses included multiple imputation to estimate secular trends. Results In 2001–2016, 4044 invasive Hi infections were reported. The mean incidence was 3.0 per million inhabitants, higher in males (3.2 vs 2.9 in females) and in the age groups <1 year (15.2) and ≥80 years (15.5). Nontypeable Hi (NTHi) caused 81% (n = 1545) of cases in 2009–2016. Of capsulated cases, 69% were serotype f and 17% serotype b. Of Hib cases eligible for vaccination, 10% (3/29) were fully vaccinated. For 2009–2016, significant increasing trends were observed for NTHi and Hif infections in the age groups <5 years and ≥60 years and for ampicillin resistance in NTHi. Conclusions This is one of the most comprehensive Hi data analyses since the introduction of Hib vaccines. NTHi and Hif cause an increasing disease burden among elderly patients and infants. Ampicillin resistance in NTHi must be considered in the treatment of invasive Hi infections.

scholarly journals Invasive Haemophilus influenzae disease in adults

2000 ◽  
Vol 124 (3) ◽  
pp. 441-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. SARANGI ◽  
K. CARTWRIGHT ◽  
J. STUART ◽  
S. BROOKES ◽  
R. MORRIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Reference Laboratory ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Clinical Presentations ◽  
Vaccines For Children

We reviewed retrospectively all invasive Haemophilus influenzae (Hi) infections in adults ascertained from reference laboratory records and notifications from five NHS regions over the 5 years from 1 October 1990, a period encompassing the introduction of routine Hib childhood immunization (October 1992). A total of 446 cases were identified, a rate of 0·73 infections per 105 adults per annum. Though numbers of Hib infections in adults fell after the introduction of Hib vaccines for children (P = 0·035), and there was no increase in infections caused by other capsulated Hi serotypes, total numbers of invasive Hi infections increased due to a large rise in infections caused by non-capsulated Hi (ncHi) strains (P = 0·0067). There was an unexpectedly low rate of infections in those aged 75 years or more (P < 0·0001). The commonest clinical presentations were pneumonia with bacteraemia (227/350, 65%) and bacteraemia alone (62/350, 18%) and the highest rates of disease were in the 65–74 years age group (P < 0·0001). Clinical presentation was not influenced by the capsulation status of the invading Hi strain. 103/350 cases (29%) died within 1 month, and 207/350 (59%) within 6 months of their Hi infection. Case fatality rates were high in all age groups. Pre-existing diseases were noted in 220/350 cases and were associated with a higher case fatality rate (82% vs. 21%, P < 0·0001). After the introduction of Hib immunization in children, invasive Hib infections in unimmunized adults also declined, but the overall rate of invasive Hi disease in adults increased, with most infections now caused by non-capsulated strains. Physicians and microbiologists should be aware of the changing epidemiology, the high associated mortality and high risk of underlying disease. Invasive haemophilus infections in adults should be investigated and treated aggressively.

Clarification of the structure of the ampicillin-resistance plasmid RSF0885 from Haemophilus influenzae HR-885 serotype b

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. L. Albritton ◽  
P. A. Noble ◽  
K. D. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Resistance Plasmid ◽  
Haemophilus Parainfluenzae ◽  
Serotype B ◽  
Restriction Enzyme Maps

The nonconjugative ampicillin-resistance plasmid RSF0885 has been reported to be as small as 2.9 MDa and as large as 4.1 MDa with at least two restriction enzyme maps reported. In addition, the source of the original plasmid has been reported to be Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. Characterization of the source strains and sequencing data of the plasmids revealed that H. influenzae serotype b was the original source strain and that ISI-K in the larger plasmid was presumably acquired when the smaller plasmid was maintained in Escherichia coli in S. Falkow's laboratory during the late 1970s.Key words: Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, RSF0885, ampicillin resistance, ISI-K

scholarly journals Epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella in Italy

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. GABUTTI ◽  
M. C. ROTA ◽  
S. SALMASO ◽  
B. M. BRUZZONE ◽  
A. BELLA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Mmr Vaccine ◽  
Seroprevalence Data ◽  
The Mean ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Serological Data ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

A serosurvey for measles, mumps and rubella was conducted in Italy; incidence based on statutory notifications over the last three decades was also calculated. In Italy the diseases followed an endemic–epidemic pattern, with an incidence peak every 2–4 years, and had a limited reduction of incidence attributable to childhood immunization. Lower notification rates were observed in the Southern regions. This is possibly related to greater under notification in the South and is confirmed by our seroprevalence data. Incidence of measles and rubella and proportion of cases among young adults increased significantly in the three decades considered, but not for mumps. Serological data confirmed that these infections are still very frequent in Italy, without significant geographic variation in the country. In the age groups 2–4 and 5–9 years the percentage of individuals still susceptible to each virus was higher than 30%. The proportion of susceptible subjects older than 15 years was similar for the three infections (6·1, 11·7 and 8·8% for measles, mumps and rubella, respectively). The low vaccine coverage for rubella and measles in Italy has so far only partially affected the occurrence of the diseases. No impact of mumps vaccination is visible. The average number of deaths, for each disease, has decreased during the three study periods. Today the priority in Italy is to halt the progressive increase of the mean age of acquisition of the three infections, to eliminate differences in coverage among regions and to conform to European standards. This will be achieved through a combination of increasing MMR vaccine coverage before 2 years of age, implementing vaccination campaigns for low seroprevalence age groups, and/or introducing a second dose of MMR, depending on the level of current MMR coverage.

scholarly journals Population-Based Surveillance of HiB Invasive Infections in Children in British Columbia, Alberta and Ontario -- 1995 to 1997

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Scheifele ◽  
Alison Bell ◽  
Taj Jadavji ◽  
Wendy Vaudry ◽  
John Waters ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Conjugate Vaccine ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Childhood Immunization ◽  
Inactivated Polio Vaccine ◽  
Invasive Infections ◽  
Laboratory Surveillance ◽  
Parental Refusal

OBJECTIVE: To assess vaccine effectiveness through enhanced disease surveillance following the change in childhood immunization programs in 1995, when all provinces and territories chose to use polyribosyl ribitol phosphate-tetanus protein (PRP-T)Haemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, generally in combination with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus inactivated polio vaccine (DPT-IPV) (as PENTA vaccine) because the protective efficacy of this regimen had not been directly measured.DESIGN: Prospective, active, laboratory-based Hib case surveillance was implemented in British Columbia and Alberta, and enhanced, stimulated laboratory surveillance in Ontario during 1995 to 1997, centred on invasive infections in children. Case details and immunization histories were uniformly collected and centrally collated.MAIN RESULTS: Thirty-eight Hib cases were detected, but only 12 cases arose among PENTA-eligible children, an attack rate of 0.85 cases/100,000 child-years of observation. Annual case totals declined from 20 in 1995 to seven in 1997, when only one to three cases were encountered in each province and the incidence rate in children under age five years was 0.6/100,000. Only four cases occurred after primary immunization with PENTA, a failure rate of 0.28 cases/100,000 child-years of observation. Three cases among PENTA-eligible children reflected parental refusal of infant vaccinations, accounting for 25% of cases in eligible children.CONCLUSIONS: PRP-T conjugate vaccine was highly effective when given in combination with DPT-IPV vaccine. Provincial programs that used this regimen resulted in the near elimination of invasive Hib disease in children, but unimmunized children remain at risk.

scholarly journals High ampicillin resistance in different biotypes and serotypes of Haemophilus influenzae colonizing the nasopharynx of healthy school-going Indian children

2006 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amita Jain ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Shally Awasthi
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type B ◽  
Indian Children ◽  
Ampicillin Resistance ◽  
Serotype B

Haemophilus influenzae is one of the main causes of otitis media, sinusitis, meningitis, pneumonia and septicaemia in children, and the development of ampicillin resistance in H. influenzae is a cause of serious concern. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of ampicillin resistance in H. influenzae colonizing the nasopharynx of school-going healthy North Indian children, and to compare the distribution of different biotypes and serotype b in this population. A total of 2400 school-going healthy children from 45 rural and 45 urban schools were enrolled. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the children and cultured. H. influenzae was isolated from 1001 (41·7 %) of the 2400 nasopharyngeal swabs collected. All these H. influenzae isolates were biotyped and serotyped, and their antibiotic susceptibility tested. All eight biotypes were present in this population. The most prevalent biotypes were I (19·6 %), II (16·8 %) and III (25·0 %). Of the 1001 isolates, 316 (31·6 %) were H. influenzae type b and 685 (68·4 %) were non-type b H. influenzae, and 22·9 % were resistant to ampicillin, 41·9 % to chloramphenicol, 27·5 % to erythromycin and 67·3 % to co-trimoxazole. Of the 316 H. influenzae type b isolates, 44·0 % were ampicillin resistant, while only 13·1 % non-type b H. influenzae isolates were ampicillin resistant. Of the 229 ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae isolates, 196 (85·6 %) were positive for β-lactamase; 93·4 % (214/229) were biotypes I, II and III, of which 49 % were biotype I, 27·9 % were type II and 16·6 % were type III. Most of the strains belonging to biotypes III–VIII were ampicillin sensitive. Ampicillin resistance is significantly more common in biotype I and serotype b than in other biotypes and serotypes.

Ultrastructural studies on the interaction of haemophilus influenzae with human endothelial cells in vitro

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 636-637
Author(s):  
D.J.P. Ferguson ◽  
M. Virji ◽  
H. Kayhty ◽  
E.R. Moxon
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Intercellular Junctions ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Endothelial Barriers ◽  
Serotype B ◽  
Meningitis In Children ◽  
Respiratory Epithelial

Haemophilus influenzae is a human pathogen which causes meningitis in children. Systemic H. influenzae infection is largely confined to encapsulated serotype b organisms and is a major cause of meningitis in the U.K. and elsewhere. However, the pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood. Studies in the infant rat model, in which intranasal challenge results in bacteraemia, have shown that H. influenzae enters submucosal tissues and disseminates to the blood stream within minutes. The rapidity of these events suggests that H. influenzae penetrates both respiratory epithelial and endothelial barriers with great efficiency. It is not known whether the bacteria penetrate via the intercellular junctions, are translocated within the cells or carried across the cellular barrier in 'trojan horse' fashion within phagocytes. In the present studies, we have challenged cultured human umbilical cord_vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) with both capsulated (b+) and capsule-deficient (b-) isogenic variants of one strain of H. influenzae in order to investigate the interaction between the bacteria and HUVEC and the effect of the capsule.

Inequalities and Impact of Socioeconomic-Cultural Factors in Suicide Rates Across Italy

Crisis ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Pompili ◽  
Marco Innamorati ◽  
Monica Vichi ◽  
Maria Masocco ◽  
Nicola Vanacore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Suicide is a major cause of premature death in Italy and occurs at different rates in the various regions. Aims: The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive overview of suicide in the Italian population aged 15 years and older for the years 1980–2006. Methods: Mortality data were extracted from the Italian Mortality Database. Results: Mortality rates for suicide in Italy reached a peak in 1985 and declined thereafter. The different patterns observed by age and sex indicated that the decrease in the suicide rate in Italy was initially the result of declining rates in those aged 45+ while, from 1997 on, the decrease was attributable principally to a reduction in suicide rates among the younger age groups. It was found that socioeconomic factors underlined major differences in the suicide rate across regions. Conclusions: The present study confirmed that suicide is a multifaceted phenomenon that may be determined by an array of factors. Suicide prevention should, therefore, be targeted to identifiable high-risk sociocultural groups in each country.

Age related volume of cadaver-prostates in Bangladesh

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-77
Author(s):  
Rukshana Ahmed ◽  
Shamim Ara
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Gland ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Clinical Settings ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Group A ◽  
Key Words Prostate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

Pathological changes in the prostate gland occur commonly with advancing age including inflammation, atrophy, hyperplasia and carcinoma and a change in volume is also evident. Estimation of volume of prostate may be useful in a variety of clinical settings. A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed to see the changes in volume of the prostate with advancing age and done in the Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka from August 2006 to June 2007. The study was performed on 70 post-mortem human prostates collected from the unclaimed dead bodies that were under examination in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. The samples were divided into three age groups; group A (10-20 years), group B (21-40 years) and group C (41-70 years). Volume of the sample was measured by using the ellipsoid formula. The mean ± SD volume of prostate was 7.68 ± 3.64 cm3 in group A, 10.61 ± 3.99 cm3 in group B and 15.40 ± 6.31 cm3 in group C. Mean difference in volume between group A and group C, group B and group C were statistically significant (p<0.001). Statistically significant positive correlation was found between age and volume of prostate (r = + 0.579, p < 0.001). Key Words: Prostate; volume; Bangladeshi. DOI: 10.3329/imcj.v4i2.6501Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2010; 4(2): 74-77

Observation of the Pulp Chamber of Maxillary First Premolars: A Micro-computed Tomographic Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-230
Author(s):  
Gozde Serindere ◽  
Ceren Aktuna Belgin ◽  
Kaan Orhan
Keyword(s):  
Root Canal ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Slice Thickness ◽  
Micro Ct ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Pulp Chamber ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Chamber Floor

Background: There are a few studies about the evaluation of maxillary first premolars internal structure with micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). The aim of this study was to assess morphological features of the pulp chamber in maxillary first premolar teeth using micro- CT. Methods: Extracted 15 maxillary first premolar teeth were selected from the patients who were in different age groups. The distance between the pulp orifices, the diameter of the pulp and the width of the pulp chamber floor were measured on the micro-CT images with the slice thickness of 13.6 µm. The number of root canal orifices and the presence of isthmus were evaluated. Results: The mean diameter of orifices was 0.73 mm on the buccal side while it was 0.61 mm on palatinal side. The mean distance between pulp orifices was 2.84 mm. The mean angle between pulp orifices was -21.53°. The mean height of pulp orifices on the buccal side was 4.32 mm while the mean height of pulp orifices on the palatinal side was 3.56 mm. The most observed shape of root canal orifices was flattened ribbon. No isthmus was found in specimens. Conclusion: Minor anatomical structures can be evaluated in more detail with micro-CT. The observation of the pulp cavity was analyzed using micro-CT.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document