scholarly journals Invasive group A streptococcal infections in the San Francisco Bay area, 1989–99

2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. PASSARO ◽  
D. S. SMITH ◽  
E. C. HETT ◽  
A. L. REINGOLD ◽  
P. DAILY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Invasive Group ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Group A

To describe the epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal (iGAS) infections in the San Francisco Bay Area, population-based active surveillance for laboratory-confirmed iGAS was conducted by the California Emerging Infections Program in three California counties. From January 1989 to December 1999, 1415 cases of iGAS were identified. Mean iGAS incidence was 4·06/100 000 person-years and case fatality ratio was 13%, with no linear trends over time. Incidence was lowest in adolescents, was higher in men than women (4·4 vs. 3·2/100 000 person-years), and was higher in African–Americans (6·7) than in non-Hispanic (4·1) or Hispanic (3·4) Whites, Asians (2·2) or Native Americans (1·7/100 000 person-years). Injecting drug use was the riskiest underlying condition and was associated with the highest attributable risk. Cases were associated with several underlying conditions, but 23% occurred in previously healthy persons. From 1989–1999, iGAS infections in the San Francisco Bay Area became neither more common nor more deadly.

Heritage In-Between

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsim D. Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Time Period

Conventional accounts of missionary and settler colonialism in California have overemphasized the loss experienced by Native Americans. For indigenous Coast Miwok and Southern Pomo people of the San Francisco Bay Area, a story of loss contrasts sharply with their casino—a symbol of prosperity—established in 2013. Each narrative is anchored to highly visible places that commemorate either loss or success. These places, examined here using two case studies, also conceal an important “heritage in-between”—that is, the critical time period, spaces, and things that reflect native resilience and transformation—that might serve to better contextualize both narrative projects.

Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in San Francisco Bay Area Hospitals During 1994 to 1998

2004 ◽  
Vol 25 (5) ◽  
pp. 408-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon Rosenberg ◽  
William R. Jarvis ◽  
Sharon L. Abbott ◽  
Due J. Vugia ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Control ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Vancomycin Resistant ◽  
Rapid Emergence

AbstractObjective:To determine the magnitude of van-comycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area.Design:Active laboratory-based surveillance for VRE from January 1995 through December 1996 and a laboratory-based and hospital-based questionnaire survey for 1993 to 1994 and 1997 to 1998.Setting:All 33 general acute care hospitals in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area.Participants:Laboratories and infection control professionals serving these hospitals, and staff of the California Emerging Infections Program.Results:The number of hospitals reporting 1 or more patient clinical VRE isolates was 1 (3%) in 1993, 7 (21%) in 1994, 31 (94%) in 1995, and 33 (100%) in 1996 to 1998. The number of patient isolates increased from 1 in 1993 to 24 in 1994, 176 in 1995,429 in 1996, 730 in 1997, and 864 in 1998. Most VRE isolates in 1995 and 1996 were from urine and were not associated with serious clinical disease. However, the number of isolates from blood increased from 9 (6% of total) in 1995 to 44 (12% of the total) in 1996, 90 (14%) in 1997, and 100 (13%) in 1998.Conclusions:Our data document the rapid emergence and increase of VRE in all hospitals in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area during 1994 to 1998. Infection control measures for VRE together with antibiotic utilization programs should be implemented to limit further spread.

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