scholarly journals Factors affecting carriage and intensity of infection of Calodium hepaticum within Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an urban slum environment in Salvador, Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 334-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. WALKER ◽  
T. CARVALHO-PEREIRA ◽  
S. SERRANO ◽  
G. PEDRA ◽  
K. HACKER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Mammalian Host ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Calodium Hepaticum ◽  
Norway Rats ◽  
Slum Areas

SUMMARYUrban slum environments in the tropics are conducive to the proliferation and the spread of rodent-borne zoonotic pathogens to humans. Calodium hepaticum (Brancroft, 1893) is a zoonotic nematode known to infect a variety of mammalian hosts, including humans. Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) are considered the most important mammalian host of C. hepaticum and are therefore a potentially useful species to inform estimates of the risk to humans living in urban slum environments. There is a lack of studies systematically evaluating the role of demographic and environmental factors that influence both carriage and intensity of infection of C. hepaticum in rodents from urban slum areas within tropical regions. Carriage and the intensity of infection of C. hepaticum were studied in 402 Norway rats over a 2-year period in an urban slum in Salvador, Brazil. Overall, prevalence in Norway rats was 83% (337/402). Independent risk factors for C. hepaticum carriage in R. norvegicus were age and valley of capture. Of those infected the proportion with gross liver involvement (i.e. >75% of the liver affected, a proxy for a high level intensity of infection), was low (8%, 26/337). Sixty soil samples were collected from ten locations to estimate levels of environmental contamination and provide information on the potential risk to humans of contracting C. hepaticum from the environment. Sixty percent (6/10) of the sites were contaminated with C. hepaticum. High carriage levels of C. hepaticum within Norway rats and sub-standard living conditions within slum areas may increase the risk to humans of exposure to the infective eggs of C. hepaticum. This study supports the need for further studies to assess whether humans are becoming infected within this community and whether C. hepaticum is posing a significant risk to human health.

scholarly journals A Two-Year Ecological Study of Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in a Brazilian Urban Slum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e0152511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús A. Panti-May ◽  
Ticiana S. A. Carvalho-Pereira ◽  
Soledad Serrano ◽  
Gabriel G. Pedra ◽  
Josh Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Norway Rats

scholarly journals Evidence of multiple intraspecific transmission routes for Leptospira acquisition in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (16) ◽  
pp. 3438-3448 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. MINTER ◽  
P. J. DIGGLE ◽  
F. COSTA ◽  
J. CHILDS ◽  
A. I. KO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Prevalence Data ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Norway Rats

SUMMARYInfectious diseases frequently have multiple potential routes of intraspecific transmission of pathogens within wildlife and other populations. For pathogens causing zoonotic diseases, knowing whether these transmission routes occur in the wild and their relative importance, is critical for understanding maintenance, improving control measures and ultimately preventing human disease. The Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) is the primary reservoir of leptospirosis in the urban slums of Salvador, Brazil. There is biological evidence for potentially three different transmission routes of leptospire infection occurring in the rodent population. Using newly obtained prevalence data from rodents trapped at an urban slum field site, we present changes in cumulative risk of infection in relation to age-dependent transmission routes to infer which intra-specific transmission routes occur in the wild. We found that a significant proportion of animals leave the nest with infection and that the risk of infection increases throughout the lifetime of Norway rats. We did not observe a significant effect of sexual maturity on the risk of infection. In conclusion, our results suggest that vertical and environmental transmission of leptospirosis both occur in wild populations of Norway rats.

DOWRY DEMAND AND HARASSMENT: PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS IN INDIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (06) ◽  
pp. 727-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
VISALAKSHI JEYASEELAN ◽  
SHUBA KUMAR ◽  
L. JEYASEELAN ◽  
VISWANATHAN SHANKAR ◽  
BIJESH KUMAR YADAV ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Severe Injuries ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Family ◽  
Slum Areas

SummaryThe practice of dowry is widespread in India and refers to the payment of cash/gifts by the bride's family to the bridegroom's family before marriage. Though prohibited by law, dowry is widely practised, and often contributes to severe injuries and even death of young brides. This study examined the prevalence and risk factors for dowry demand and dowry harassment and its psychosocial correlates across different social strata in India, and also by husband and mother-in-law characteristics. In a cross-sectional survey of 9938 women in rural, urban and urban non-slum sites across India conducted in 1998–99, dowry demand was found to be significantly higher (p<0.001) in the urban non-slum and rural areas (26% and 23% respectively) than in urban slum areas (18%). Overall, 17% of groom's families were not satisfied with the dowry, this being higher in rural areas (21%) than in urban slum and non-slum areas (about 14% in both). The overall prevalence of dowry harassment among this group of women was 13.3%. Mothers-in-law who had themselves experienced dowry demand were 14 (95% CI 5.0–40.4) and 5 (95% CI 1.3–18.9) times more likely to demand and harass daughters-in-law over dowry, respectively. Another significant risk factor for dowry-related harassment was mother-in law's status in the family. Interventions related to modifiable risk factors, such as increased social support at the community level, should help reduce dowry harassment.

The comparative epizootiology of Capillaria hepatica (Nematoda) in urban rodents from different habitats of Baltimore, Maryland

1988 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 2769-2775 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Childs ◽  
G. E. Glass ◽  
G. W. Korch Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Age Structure ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Microtus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
House Mice ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Intensity Of Infection ◽  
Meadow Voles ◽  
Capillaria Hepatica ◽  
Rats And Mice ◽  
Norway Rats

The prevalence and intensity of Capillaria hepatica infections in four rodent species (Rattus norvegicus, Mus musculus, Microtus pennsylvanicus, and Peromyscus leucopus) trapped from sites in different habitats of Baltimore were examined from 1980 to 1986. Norway rats were frequently infected (87.4%), house mice rarely infected (5.4%), and no lesions were observed in meadow voles or white-footed mice. Rats from residential locations had significantly higher prevalence and intensity of infection compared with rats from parkland locations, findings not related to differences in the age structure of the populations. Prevalence and severity of lesions were positively associated with increasing body mass in rats and mice. No sex-related differences were found. Infection rates were positively correlated with relative densities of rat and mouse populations; results were corroborated by interviews conducted with 87 household residents.

scholarly journals Infections byLeptospira interrogans, Seoul Virus, andBartonellaspp. Among Norway Rats (Rattus norvegicus) from the Urban Slum Environment in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Costa ◽  
Fleur Helena Porter ◽  
Gorete Rodrigues ◽  
Helena Farias ◽  
Marcus Tucunduva de Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Urban Slum ◽  
Seoul Virus ◽  
Norway Rats

scholarly journals First record of Calodium hepaticum and Taenia taeniaeformis liver infection in wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Serbia

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 431-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milena Kataranovski ◽  
Lidija Zolotarevski ◽  
Sandra Belij ◽  
Ivana Mirkov ◽  
Jelena Stosic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
First Record ◽  
Helminth Species ◽  
Total Prevalence ◽  
New Information ◽  
Calodium Hepaticum ◽  
Taenia Taeniaeformis ◽  
Norway Rats ◽  
Liver Infection

The nematode Calodium hepaticum and the cestode Taenia taeniaeformis are zoonotic helminths primarly found in the liver of common wild rats. Most reports on these helminth species with cosmopolitan distribution are from Asia, and there is paucity of data for Europe. Wild Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from urban and suburban habitats of the Belgrade area were examined for the presence of Calodium hepaticum and Taenia taeniaeformis larvae liver infections. The presence of visible cysts and a histomorphology of parasite-related inflammatory liver responses were sought as signs of infection. The total prevalence of infection was 10.9% (C. hepaticum) and 29.9% (T. taeniaeformis), with no differences between the sexes. No difference in the annual prevalence of both helminth species was noted. Data obtained in this study provide new information relevant to wild Norway rats as sources of C. hepaticum and T. taeniaeformis liver infection in this geographic area, and, in a wider context, in Europe. .

scholarly journals Postnatal care services and factors affecting its utilization in slum areas of Dhaka city

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
Nilufar Yeasmin Nili
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Intervention Program ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Dhaka City ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Care Services ◽  
Cultural Status ◽  
Mass Media Exposure ◽  
Slum Areas

Background and objectives: Maternal as well as infant mortality is high in Bangladesh. Utilization of post natal care (PNC) services is important to reduce maternal and infant mortality. Considering this matter, this study attempted to find out the level of PNC utilization by women living in slum areas of Dhaka city as well as to identify the factors associated with the utilization of PNC services. Methods: This study was conducted in Khilgaon and Rampura slums of Dhaka city. In each slum, women aged between 15-49 years who had given birth to at least one child were enrolled in the study by random sampling technique. Participants were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire which included information on socio-economic, demographic, cultural status as well as information on PNC service utilization. Results: Out of total 360 enrolled women in both slums, 58.6% utilized PNC services. The rate of utilization of PNC services was 55% and 62.2% in Khilgaon and Rampura slum respectively. Compared to 40-49 years age group, significantly (p<0.01) higher percentage of women aged <20, 20-29 and 30-39 years utilized PNC services (69.6%, 67.0% and 56.4% respectively). The significant associates of receiver of PNC were respondent’s education, number of antenatal care (ANC) received, level of tetanus vaccination, place of delivery, distance between home and clinic, mass media exposure, male participation and autonomy. Conclusion: Local socioeconomic and cultural aspects should be considered while planning intervention program to improve the utilization of PNC service. Ibrahim Med. Coll. J. 2019; 13(2): 53-58

scholarly journals Field trials of flocoumafen against warfarin-resistant infestations of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus Berk)

1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Buckle
Keyword(s):  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Anticoagulant Rodenticide ◽  
Complete Control ◽  
Norway Rat ◽  
Norway Rats ◽  
Farm Buildings

SUMMARYThe anticoagulant rodenticide flocoumafen was tested against warfarin-resistant Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus Berk.) infesting farm buildings. Complete control was obtained in 10–21 days (mean 14·2 days) in six treatments in which baits poisoned with 0·005% flocoumafen were maintained, in surplus, until rats ceased to feed from them. A further six treatments, in which the application of poisoned bait was restricted to periodic placements of 50 g, were also completely successful in 15–30 days (mean 21·0 days). Less poisoned bait was used in the restricted flocoumafen treatments than in the unrestricted treatments but the time taken to control the rat infestations was significantly longer.

Fecal Contamination on the Household Compound and in Water Sources are Associated with Subsequent Diarrhea in Young Children in Urban Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmina Parvin ◽  
Elizabeth D. Thomas ◽  
Md. Sazzadul Islam Bhuyian ◽  
Ismat Minhaj Uddin ◽  
Md. Tasdik Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Diarrheal Disease ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Slum Areas

We investigated the environmental and individual-level risk factors for diarrheal disease among young children in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 884 children under 5 years of age. Caregiver reports were collected on sociodemographic factors and hygiene behaviors. Diarrhea surveillance data was collected monthly based on caregiver-reported diarrhea for children in the past 2 weeks during the 12-month study period. Unannounced spot checks of the household compound were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after enrollment to check for the presence of feces (animal or human) and the presence of animals in the child’s sleeping space, to assess child and caregiver hands for the presence of dirt, and to collect samples of the household’s source and stored drinking water. Children with feces found on the household compound during spot checks had a significantly higher odds of diarrhea (odds ratio: 1.71; 95% confidence interval: 1.23–2.38). Children residing in households with > 100 colony forming units/100 mL Escherichia coli in source drinking water had a significantly higher odds of diarrhea (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06–1.92). The presence of feces on the household compound and source drinking water with > 100 colony forming units/100 mL E. coli were significant risk factors for diarrheal disease for children < 5 years of age in slum areas of Dhaka, Bangladesh. These findings demonstrate the urgent need for comprehensive interventions to reduce fecal contamination on the household compound to protect the health of susceptible pediatric populations.

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