scholarly journals Frontal injury: Impairments of fundamental processes lead to functional consequences

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
MICHAEL ALEXANDER ◽  
DONALD T. STUSS
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
The Status ◽  
Pubmed Search ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Frontal Functions ◽  
Prefrontal Lesion ◽  
Frontal Lesions

Frontal functions, or impairments, have achieved the status of pornography: everyone knows them when they see them, but there is little agreement on their exact defining properties. Patients with frontal lobe lesions have impairments in planning, monitoring, sequencing, and inhibiting responses. They cannot organize complex behaviors. They are somehow simultaneously unaware and distractible, irritable and apathetic, violent and passive, impulsive and perseverative. They lack empathy, self-awareness, and emotional regulation. Patients often are incapacitated by frontal impairments that paradoxically are not at all obvious to most observers. To understand the effects of frontal lesions, science has sacrificed countless rats and nonhuman primates. Neuropsychology and Neurology have sanctified a few tests as the tests of frontal function, and then spent money, time, and the mental health of countless graduate students and research assistants trying to tease out of those tests some basic knowledge of frontal functions. Experimental Psychology has brought novel constructs to the problem of defining frontal functions, and modern neuroimaging has merged the traditional clinical and the novel experimental with imaging technology. (A quick PubMed search of “fMRI and frontal lobes” on October 12, 2005 retrieved 4,646 articles, the most recent, “An fMRI study of the Trail Making Test”.) Yet, confronted with a patient with a large right prefrontal lesion who cannot hold a job or even be relied upon to buy the groceries he set out to buy, we have precious few tools to define his problem and almost nothing to offer to fix it.

scholarly journals Neuronal Dopamine D3 Receptors: Translational Implications for Preclinical Research and CNS Disorders

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Béla Kiss ◽  
István Laszlovszky ◽  
Balázs Krámos ◽  
András Visegrády ◽  
Amrita Bobok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Drug Research ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Partial Agonists ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
The Status ◽  
Dopamine D3

Dopamine (DA), as one of the major neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery, exerts its actions through five types of receptors which belong to two major subfamilies such as D1-like (i.e., D1 and D5 receptors) and D2-like (i.e., D2, D3 and D4) receptors. Dopamine D3 receptor (D3R) was cloned 30 years ago, and its distribution in the CNS and in the periphery, molecular structure, cellular signaling mechanisms have been largely explored. Involvement of D3Rs has been recognized in several CNS functions such as movement control, cognition, learning, reward, emotional regulation and social behavior. D3Rs have become a promising target of drug research and great efforts have been made to obtain high affinity ligands (selective agonists, partial agonists and antagonists) in order to elucidate D3R functions. There has been a strong drive behind the efforts to find drug-like compounds with high affinity and selectivity and various functionality for D3Rs in the hope that they would have potential treatment options in CNS diseases such as schizophrenia, drug abuse, Parkinson’s disease, depression, and restless leg syndrome. In this review, we provide an overview and update of the major aspects of research related to D3Rs: distribution in the CNS and periphery, signaling and molecular properties, the status of ligands available for D3R research (agonists, antagonists and partial agonists), behavioral functions of D3Rs, the role in neural networks, and we provide a summary on how the D3R-related drug research has been translated to human therapy.

scholarly journals Self-awareness in Dementia: a Taxonomy of Processes, Overview of Findings, and Integrative Framework

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Mograbi ◽  
Jonathan Huntley ◽  
Hugo Critchley
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Cognitive Complexity ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Body Ownership ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
People With Dementia ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Different Levels

Abstract Purpose of Review Self-awareness, the capacity of becoming the object of one’s own awareness, has been a frontier of knowledge, but only recently scientific approaches to the theme have advanced. Self-awareness has important clinical implications, and a finer understanding of this concept may improve the clinical management of people with dementia. The current article aims to explore self-awareness, from a neurobiological perspective, in dementia. Recent Findings A taxonomy of self-awareness processes is presented, discussing how these can be structured across different levels of cognitive complexity. Findings on self-awareness in dementia are reviewed, indicating the relative preservation of capacities such as body ownership and agency, despite impairments in higher-level cognitive processes, such as autobiographical memory and emotional regulation. Summary An integrative framework, based on predictive coding and compensatory abilities linked to the resilience of self-awareness in dementia, is discussed, highlighting possible avenues for future research into the topic.

Memorial Museum: Existential Optics of Space

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-2) ◽  
pp. 389-409
Author(s):  
Lev Letyagin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Intellectual History ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Internal Conflict ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Self Disclosure ◽  
Memorial Museum ◽  
The Status ◽  
Historical Authenticity ◽  
Key Aspects

The modern museum is not only in the sphere of mass interests, but also serves as a reflection and expression of certain mass trends. While maintaining the status of a classical cultural institution, it was to a large extent precisely the museum that has become an arena of public discord on determining the strategies of cultural reproduction. This issue gains a pronouncedly contentious character due to the rapid development of information formats of traditional leisure now including interactive technologies, arbitrary historical reconstructions, elements of theatricalization. In “Escape from Amnesia” (A. Huyssen) the ‘society of total spectacle’ demands searching for new means, which often contribute to loss and substitution of values. The visitor’s interest towards the history of the quotidian greatly influences the dynamics of changing the creative potential of a museum, predominantly a memorial museum. Long-term practices of modeling the historical space reveal the internal form of the concept of ‘ex-position’. This is the natural cause of an internal conflict, when being ‘arranged in a straight line’ replaces the principles of accurate and documentally verified positioning of memorial objects. ‘Museumness’ should not supplant ‘the quotidian’, ‘the existential’; however, the functional principle of arranging the objects, their ‘pattern’ is often replaced by the composite approach, in which ‘decorative’ or ‘design’ solutions become dominant. This trend actively competes with the key theoretical foundations of museum source studies, and the traditional museum is increasingly transforming into a kind of parallel model of culture. The memorial object, as a fact of intellectual history, is significant within the material culture and spiritual heritage. At the same time, the alleged meanings and false semiotization often substitute the biographical realities, when ‘fit for exposition’ is everything that the mass museum visitor connects in his mind with his arbitrary understanding of the past. These are key aspects of the subject of modern museum criticism. This article discloses our understanding of the memorial exposition as a self-organizing system with a certain aesthetic code. Methodologically significant is the existential turn towards ‘evidence paradigm’ – giving up the impersonal demonstration of old things. This is a turn towards the model ‘things-speak’ (self-awareness, self-disclosure of things) – towards the structure that communicates ideas and life meanings. It is where the memorial object, understood as ‘message’, ‘material communication’, can disclose the fullness of its historical authenticity.

scholarly journals Orofacial pain: basic mechanisms and implication for successful management

2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo César Rodrigues Conti ◽  
Richard A. Pertes ◽  
Gary M. Heir ◽  
Cibele Nasri ◽  
Harold V. Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neuropathic Pain ◽  
Temporomandibular Disorders ◽  
Facial Pain ◽  
Orofacial Pain ◽  
Dental Pain ◽  
Medical Problem ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Successful Management ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Status

Orofacial Pain is the field of dentistry devoted to the diagnosis and management of chronic, complex, facial pain and oromotor disorders. This specialty in dentistry has developed over a number of years out of the need for better understanding of a group of patients who somehow were not clearly suffering from dental pain disorders, but still did not seem to have a clearly defined medical problem. After a long period of treating patients based on the mechanicist aspect of the disease, our profession has realized the importance of basic knowledge and differencial diagnosis in order to proper manage these patients. This modification in the approach has caused severe changes in education as well as in clinical activities. Historically considered as a problem of occlusion, Orofacial Pain, including Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD) has recently reached the status of "Specialty" in Brazil. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the main differences between musculoskeletal and neuropathic pain and the importance of basic knowledge to perform successful management.

Disturbed self-awareness in patients with focal frontal lesions: A parallel to psychiatric disorders?

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 74S
Author(s):  
D.T. Stuss ◽  
M.P. Alexander ◽  
T.W. Picton ◽  
G. Gallup ◽  
P. Shammi
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Frontal Lesions

The Rosamond Plots

2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca N. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Jane Eyre ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Communal Life ◽  
Beautiful Woman ◽  
Radical Alterity ◽  
The Status ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Radical Revision

Abstract In both Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre (1847) and George Eliot’s Middlemarch (1871–72) an earnest and ambitious man falls in love with a superficial and beautiful woman named Rosamond. This essay explores the “Rosamond plots” to argue that Middlemarch stages a radical revision of the version of subjectivity vaunted in Jane Eyre. Via its invocation of Jane Eyre’s Rosamond plot, Middlemarch challenges the very nature of self-knowledge, questions the status of identification in intersubjective relationships, and insists upon the unknowability of the other. In Eliot’s retelling, the self-awareness promoted in Jane Eyre is not only insufficient, but also verges on self-absorption and even solipsism. One way in which Eliot enacts this revision is by shifting the focus of positive affective relationships away from models of identification. The change marks an evolution in our understanding of the way in which character and communal life is conceived by each author. More specifically, Eliot’s revisions situate empathic response as being dependent upon the recognition of the radical alterity of the other.

Language Policy in South Asia

1981 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 60-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Braj B. Kachru
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Liberal Arts ◽  
National Language ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
The Status ◽  
Regional Languages

In the political divisions within South Asia there has traditionally been no organized effort for language policies.1 Language was essentially related to one's caste, village, district, and state. Beyond this, one identified with languages associated with religion (Sanskrit or Arabic), or learned and literary texts (mainly Sanskrit and Persian). At the time of Indian independence (1947), one task of the new government was to unravel the status and position of almost 560 sovereign states which were ruled by an array of mahārājās, nawābs, and lesser luminaries, depending on the size and the revenue of each state and subdivision. Each state state was a kindgom unto itself, and such political divisions did not foster a national language policy. In India, the largest country in South Asia, four languages were used for wider communication as bazār languages or languages of literature and intranational communication: Hindi (and its varieties, Hindustani and Urdu), Sanskrit, Persian, and later, English (cf., for Sanskrit, Kachru and Sridhar 1978; Sharma 1976; for English, Kachru 1969; 1982a). The Hindus tended to send their children to a pāṭhśālā (traditional Hindu school mainly for scriptural education) for the study of the scriptures and some basic knowledge of the śāastras (Sanskrit instructional texts, treatise), and the Muslims tended to send their children to a maktab (traditional school for Koranic instruction). The denominational schools (vidyāZaya) provided liberal arts instruction in Sanskrit, Persian, Hindi, Arabic, or in the regional languages.

Representations of Self and the Other in Two Iraqi Travelogues of the Ottoman Period

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hala Fattah
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Spanish America ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
Mother Country ◽  
The Status ◽  
Common Destiny ◽  
Point Of Departure ◽  
Different Levels

Over the years, a number of important studies have been written on aspects of premodern travel in the Islamic world. Most of the literature examining the travel circuits of Ottoman/Arab bureaucrats, scholars, and merchants inevitably gives rise to the question of communal self-awareness and identity. How did pre-modern travelers envisage themselves and the “other”? What allowed some of them to create “imagined communities” of like-minded sojourners, incorporating space, ideology, and shared origin into a notion of exclusive commonality? How did travel contribute to the emergence of theories of “national” exceptionalism from among the fluid traditions of de-centralized imperial control? Why was it that the most favored classes in the empire's provinces were usually the first to register their unease with the status quo and to experiment with different levels of self-perception and identity? Benedict Anderson's thesis on pre-modern travel is instructive on all of these issues. His point of departure is that the frequent journeys of provincial functionaries, bureaucrats, and scholars, whether to perform the obligations of religious pilgrimage or to oversee the administrative needs of empire, paradoxically provided indigenous elites aspiring for representation and recognition in the mother country (or empire) with the catalyst for the development of a wider sense of identification with their home regions. Finding their desires for increased mobility thwarted by the central power, provincial elites in 18th-century Spanish America eventually chose the way of armed resistance to regain control of what was now perceived to be a “common” destiny.

The articulate brachiopod hinge mechanism: morphological and functional variation

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 364-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra J. Carlson
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Force ◽  
Shell Material ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Status ◽  
Functional Consequences ◽  
Valve Opening ◽  
System Geometry

Functional consequences of the variation in geometry and morphology of the articulate brachiopod hinge mechanism are poorly understood, despite the fact that hinge structures have considerable importance in brachiopod taxonomy. Jaanusson (1971) proposed that the ability to resorb shell material during growth, particularly in the hinge structures, can be used to distinguish two groups within the articulates, the deltidiodonts and the cyrtomatodonts. He considered the two groups to be morphologically distinct, “natural” phylogenetic groups, separated by a “functional discontinuity.” In order to test the morphological, functional, and phylogenetic implications of shell resorption, comparisons of the hinge-system geometry and diductor muscle moment are made here between deltidiodont and cyrtomatodont brachiopods. A truss network composed of landmarks relevant to the valve opening mechanism is constructed to characterize hinge-system geometry. The function of the hinge mechanism is analyzed in the context of valve opening, and diductor muscle force, effort lever arm, and moment are compared between deltidiodonts and cyrtomatodonts. The distribution of resorption among brachiopods is investigated with respect to a phylogenetic hypothesis proposed by Williams and Rowell (1965a).Deltidiodont brachiopods are morphologically more variable than cyrtomatodonts, and a greater proportion of the variability is correlated with size. Deltidiodonts and cyrtomatodonts employ different strategies to open the valves; deltidiodont lever arms are relatively longer, whereas cyrtomatodont diductor muscles have relatively larger cross-sectional areas. The greatest muscle moment in deltidiodont hinge systems is realized in the maintenance of a gape angle; in the cyrtomatodont system, it is achieved at the initiation of a gape. Although they are morphologically and functionally distinct, it is doubtful that the two groups are separated by a “functional discontinuity.” Because the phylogenetic relationships among brachiopod orders are not yet resolved, the status of shell resorption as a homologue is still unclear. Resorption is manifest in at least some members of each major group of articulates (except the pentameraceans); it is likely that resorption has evolved independently several times in brachiopod evolution, in part because of the increased morphological flexibility it confers.

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