Do cows regulate diet choice within the short-term time frame of a meal?

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 ◽  
pp. 6-6
Author(s):  
M. P. Yeates ◽  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Food Type ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Diet Choice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Biological Unit

When cows are offered a choice of foods they are able to select a consistent combination of these foods over long periods of time. Consistent long-term diet choice (DC) is the result of feeding behaviour, which may be regulated in the short-term. The shortest unit of feeding that can be measured is often a visit to a feeder supplying one food type only. These visits are usually clustered into meals, which are the shortest biological unit in which DC can be expressed. Previous work led us to hypothesise that animals may select a consistent diet within meals, thus ensuring nutrient synchronisation in the short-term. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate whether long-term average DC was a direct result of cows selecting a consistent diet within meals.

A comparison of the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on the feeding behaviour of sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
A.M. Sibbald
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Single Meal

Voluntary food intake is generally inversely related to body condition or fatness in mature sheep (Foot, 1972). Since the intake of pelleted diets by housed sheep consists of a number of discrete feeding bouts or 'meals' (e.g. Bermudez et al., 1989), the relatively long-term effect of body condition on intake will be achieved through changes in feeding behaviour at the level of a single meal. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on meal patterns in sheep, to investigate the mechanism by which body condition influences daily food intake.

Aging Couples: Benefits and Costs of Long Intimate Relations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria I. Michalowski ◽  
Denis Gerstorf ◽  
Christiane A. Hoppmann
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Multiple Time Scales ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intimate Relations ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Over Time

Aging does not occur in isolation, but often involves significant others such as spouses. Whether such dyadic associations involve gains or losses depends on a myriad of factors, including the time frame under consideration. What is beneficial in the short term may not be so in the long term, and vice versa. Similarly, what is beneficial for one partner may be costly for the other, or the couple unit over time. Daily dynamics between partners involving emotion processes, health behaviors, and collaborative cognition may accumulate over years to affect the longer-term physical and mental health outcomes of either partner or both partners across adulthood and into old age. Future research should move beyond an individual-focused approach to aging and consider the importance of and interactions among multiple time scales to better understand how, when, and why older spouses shape each other’s aging trajectories, both for better and for worse.

Technical Challenges Facing Regulators–Assessment of Long-Term Materials Performance

1987 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth W. Stephens
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
High Level Waste ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Computer Codes ◽  
High Level ◽  
Term Data

AbstractFor a number of years, nuclear regulators have grappled with difficult questions such as: “How safe is safe enough?” Such issues take on new dimensions in the long time-frame of high-level waste disposal.Many of the challenges facing regulators involve assessment of long-term materials performance. Because real-time experiments cannot be conducted, it is necessary to rely extensively on modeling. This raises issues regarding the extent to which long-term extrapolations of short-term data are justified, the question of how closely models must represent reality to be trusted, and practical matters such as methods for validating unique computer codes.Issues such as these illustrate how regulators must make decisions in a climate of uncertainty. Methods used by non-technical disciplines to make decisions under uncertainty have been examined and offer solutions for regulators and licensees alike.

The red packet interaction and brand attitude in the brand communities on WeChat

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guowei Zhu ◽  
Yaru Liu ◽  
Li Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking Sites ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Brand Attitude ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Brand Communities ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Community Pressure

Purpose Monetary incentives have been widely adopted by brands to promote consumer engagement in their brand communities on social networking sites. This paper aims to explore how the interactions triggered by an emerging monetary incentive, red packets, affect consumers’ brand attitude in the context of WeChat brand groups (WCBGs). Design/methodology/approach According to whether brands ask for commercial returns from consumers, two types of interactions were identified, namely, exchange red packet interaction (ERPI) and communal red packet interaction (CRPI). The corresponding influences on brand attitude were examined in three experiments. Findings Compared to CRPIs, ERPIs elicit greater normative community pressure, inducing a less favorable brand attitude. Moreover, this impact is moderated by the time frame of brand communities. In the long-term WCBGs, a significant difference exists between ERPIs and CRPIs, while such difference attenuates or even disappears in short-term WCBGs. Practical implications When using red packets as an engagement strategy, brand managers should be alert to their potential negative influence. Specifically, in short-term brand communities, ERPIs enable managers to acquire commercial returns without hurting brand attitude. In long-term brand communities, managers are advised to implement CRPIs to foster a positive brand attitude. Originality/value This study investigates red packet interactions in brand communities, which have been widespread but unexplored. The results expand the literature by addressing the undermining effect of ERPI and the moderating effect of the time frame.

Device Selection for Short- and Long-Term Mechanical Circulatory Support

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-69
Author(s):  
Rabea Asleh ◽  
Sarah Schettle
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Circulatory Support ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Total Artificial Heart ◽  
Circulatory Support ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Ventricular Assist ◽  
Device Selection ◽  
Selection For

Mechanical circulatory support has expanded to meet the needs of a variety of patient populations requiring short-term and long-term applications and is utilized internationally. Short-term support devices offer treatment for cardiogenic shock and consist of varying support mechanisms, including univentricular and biventricular support options to improve hemodynamics and tissue perfusion. Investigational devices offer additional options to consider in device selection. Long-term support with ventricular assist devices or total artificial heart offers dischargeable options for lifelong support, recovery, or while patients await organ transplantation. Consideration of device availability, expenses and coverage, operator expertise, and technical challenges should be undertaken when determining patient support strategies. Reviewing patient comorbidities and time frame needed for support is imperative when considering device options to ensure appropriate device selection for each individual patient, thus mitigating risks and maximizing outcomes. Innovation will continue to drive progress in mechanical circulatory support with ongoing development of novel strategies to afford new options to optimize support of patients with heart failure.

Examining the intention to cruise again sooner rather than later

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 1423-1430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renuka Mahadevan
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temporal Differences ◽  
Cruise Line ◽  
First Time

This article identifies temporal differences in the factors that influence a cruise passenger’s intention to cruise again in the short-, medium- and long-term. Using a sample of Australian cruisers, the reputation of a cruise line and indulging in interesting and different ship activities are found to be weakly influential, while satisfaction from past cruises and educational cruises are important factors in the choice to cruise again in the short-term. But variety in ports of call and cruise destinations, recent frequent past trips and recommended cruises influence cruising again in the medium-term. While first-time cruisers are not likely to cruise again in the short-term, neither are those looking for a sense of exoticism and adventure, and wanting to go to places not accessible by land. These findings have implications for the effective targeting of marketing and advertising, keeping in mind the time frame of the likely intentions to cruise again.

A comparison of the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on the feeding behaviour of sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 174-174
Author(s):  
A.M. Sibbald
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Long Term Effect ◽  
Single Meal

Voluntary food intake is generally inversely related to body condition or fatness in mature sheep (Foot, 1972). Since the intake of pelleted diets by housed sheep consists of a number of discrete feeding bouts or 'meals' (e.g. Bermudez et al., 1989), the relatively long-term effect of body condition on intake will be achieved through changes in feeding behaviour at the level of a single meal. The aim of this experiment was to compare the effects of body condition and short-term food restriction on meal patterns in sheep, to investigate the mechanism by which body condition influences daily food intake.

The determination of meal criteria for cows: the use of mixed distribution models

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 ◽  
pp. 198-198
Author(s):  
M. P. Yeates ◽  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
D. J. Allcroft ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Feeding Behaviour ◽  
Diet Choice ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Distribution Models ◽  
Normal Distributions ◽  
Food Intake Regulation ◽  
Intake Regulation ◽  
Choice Feeding

Analysis of short-term feeding behaviour may improve our understanding of food intake regulation and diet choice. Feeding behaviour of animals consists of feeding events separated by non-feeding intervals. Feeding events are often observed to be clustered into bouts that may be called meals. Determining a meal criterion (the longest non-feeding interval which is accepted as part of a meal) allows feeding events to be grouped into meals. Tolkamp & Kyriazakis (1999) presented a model that described three populations of loge-transformed intervals in the form of three normal distributions (Gaussians). These populations represent intervals within meals, with or without drinking, and intervals between meals. This model predicted that the probability of a meal starting, first increased, then decreased, with time since the last meal. This is in contrast to the satiety concept, which predicts that the probability of an animal starting a meal will increase with time since the last meal. This study aims at developing a model that best describes, biologically and statistically, the distribution of non-feeding intervals, thus leading to a more accurate meal criteria.

scholarly journals Market Trends and Options Trading: Viewpoint, Probability and Implications

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-119
Author(s):  
Monica Guling Wu ◽  
Hsinan Hsu ◽  
Janchung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Time Frame ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Call Options ◽  
Bear Market ◽  
Bull Markets ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Options Trading

Abstract In Dow theory, market trends are classified as secular trends for long-term frames, primary trends for medium-term frames, and secondary trends for short-term frames. For the long and medium terms, they can consist of major bull (bear) markets and minor bear (bull) markets; for the short terms, they may have corrections and bear rallies. These definitions of market trends are not very helpful to options traders because in practice, options trading is often done on a short-term time frame and options have a unique property of time value. Even in a bull market, there is a possibility of losing all money for buying call options; in a bear market, there is a probability of earning money for buying call options. This inconsistency often troubles options traders deeply. From the viewpoint of options trading, we introduce a new concept of analyzing the market trends and propose new methods for estimating the probabilities of the market trends since at any time the future prices are unknown. By simplifying the market trends into three concepts of uptrend, downtrend, and neutral trend, it will have consistent implications for options trading. JEL classification numbers: C13, G10, G13. Keywords: Market trends, Options trading, Trend probability, Estimation methods, Trading implications.

Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation ◽  
Language Comprehension ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Use Of Knowledge

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.

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