Digestibility, nitrogen retention and plasma metabolite concentrations in steers offered whole crop wheat silage-based rations

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 132-132
Author(s):  
A.P. Moloney ◽  
P. O'Kiely
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
Plasma Metabolite ◽  
Carbohydrate Supplement

The yield of dry matter (DM) in a mature wheat crop can equal that obtained from three cuts of grass. Ensiled mature whole crop wheat is however characterised by a lower digestibility and lower crude protein concentration than good quality grass silage. Addition of urea at ensiling has been shown to increase the digestibility and the non-protein nitrogen concentration of whole crop wheat silage. The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the effect of urea-treatment on the in vivo digestibility of wheat of relatively high moisture concentration and (ii) the effects of the provision of a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate supplement on nitrogen metabolism in steers fed these silages.

A NEW NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN SOURCE FOR RUMINANTS

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. P. Milligan ◽  
A. R. Robblee ◽  
J. C. Wood ◽  
W. C. Kay ◽  
S. K. Chakrabartty
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Production Of Ammonia

The preparation of a polymer of urea and furfural containing 23.2% nitrogen is described. This product was converted by rumen microorganisms in vitro to ammonia at a rate approximately one-seventh that of conversion of urea to ammonia. Use of the polymer as a dietary supplement in a feeding trial with lambs improved nitrogen retention over that of unsupplemented controls by 3.45 g of nitrogen retained per day, while an isonitrogenous quantity of supplemental urea improved nitrogen retention by 0.51 g of nitrogen retained per day. The blood urea pattern, throughout the day, of lambs adapted to control, urea-supplemented and urea–furfural polymer-supplemented rations indicated a slow, prolonged production of ammonia from the latter supplement and very rapid, short-term degradation of urea in vivo.

The effect of source of nitrogen used for supplementation of high wheat silage diets for cattle

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brosh ◽  
Z. Holzer ◽  
D. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Beef Breed

ABSTRACTFive diets of identical metabolizable energy (ME) content were formulated, in which wheat silage, made from a variety bred for a high proportion of ears to roughage, was incorporated at the rate of 480 g/kg dry matter (DM). Their calculated ME density was 11-4 MJ/kg DM, the protein concentration of four of the five diets was 150 g/kg DM, and that of the fifth was 87 g/kg DM. The effectiveness of protein supplementation of such diets by non-protein nitrogen (NPN), fish meal (FM) or soya-bean and cottonseed oil meals (SBM and CSM) was studied in a digestibility and nitrogen balance trial, and in a feeding trial using Friesian and beef breed young bulls. One diet served as a negative control (NC). The apparent digestibility of organic matter (kg/kg DM) was 0·709, 0·708, 0·704, 0·680 and 0·667 (s.e. 0·0125) and nitrogen retention (g/kg M0·75 per day) was 0·20, 0·65, 0·65, 0·64 and 0·68 (s.e. 0·059; P < 0·01) for the NC, NPN, FM, CSM and SBM supplemented diets, respectively. The feeding trial was divided into two periods; the first 100 days, and from day 101 to slaughter. The NC groups of both breeds gained significantly less in both periods of the experiment than did the supplemented groups. There were no significant differences among the supplemented groups.

A note on in vivo comparison of a urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex and urea molasses mixes as sole nitrogen supplements to a wheat chaff ration for steers

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-311
Author(s):  
D. Lall ◽  
H. P. S. Makkar ◽  
S. S. Negi
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Urea Derivative ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Digestible Crude Protein ◽  
Wheat Chaff

ABSTRACTA urfia-formaldehyde-molasses complex appeared to be a promising slow ammonia-releasing urea derivative in in vitro studies. It was compared with urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement to an ad libitum wheat chaff ration for steers. The significantly lower (P < 0·01) crude protein digestibility and intake of digestible crude protein, and the non-significantly lower nitrogen retention on the urea-formaldehyde-molasses complex ration revealed the superiority of simple urea-molasses mixtures as a non-protein nitrogen supplement.

The apparent digestibility of Atriplex barclayana and its effect on nitrogen balance in sheep

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Benjamin ◽  
E. Oren ◽  
E. Katz ◽  
K. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Concentration ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
The Mean

AbstractAn in vivo digestibility trial was conducted by feeding sheep the leaves, fruits and twigs of Atriplex barclayana in a proportion roughly equivalent to that eaten by sheep grazing freely in Atriplex plantations. Four treatments were imposed on each of four sheep in a 4 × 4 Latin-square experimental design: Atriplex offered alone or with 100, 200 or 300 g/day tapioca meal.The mean apparent digestibility of the Atriplex dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) consumed were 0·59 and 0·56, respectively. Addition of tapioca to the Atriplex in the diet did not improve these digestibility coefficients. The low OM content of 760 g/kg together with its digestibility of 0·56 resulted in the Atriplex having a low metabolizable energy concentration of 6·28 MJ per kg DM. The in vitro apparent DM digestibility of Atriplex was approximately 0·09 higher than the in vivo apparent digestibility.The mean nitrogen concentration of the Atriplex DM was 16·6 g/kg, and its apparent digestibility 0·73, which was not improved by the addition of tapioca to the diet. Nitrogen retention of the sheep eating only Atriplex was proportionately 0·17 of the nitrogen intake. The addition of 300 g tapioca improved nitrogen retention to 0·27 but was not significantly different from the other treatments.Water intake and urine excreted were as high as 14 and 12 I/day respectively, for an Atriplex DM intake of about 1300 g/day. During the experiment the sheep only maintained live weight, despite daily intakes of up to 1200 g Atriplex DM and up to 300 g tapioca.

Uromol as a source of dietary nitrogen for ruminants: metabolic and rumen fermentation studies on buffalo calves

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Malik ◽  
P. N. Langar ◽  
A. K. Chopra
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Buffalo Calves ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Total N ◽  
Groundnut Meal

SUMMARYThe nutritive value of uromol, a heated product of urea and molasses, was compared with raw urea–molasses and groundnut meal in three metabolic trials on buffalo calves. The non-protein nitrogen (NPN) as urea or uromol contributed about 65, 48 and 30% of the nitrogen in the experimental concentrate mixtures, replacing partially or completely the groundnut meal of the control diets. The results showed that at 65% nitrogen replacement, the crude fibre and cellulose digestibilities and the nitrogen retention of the uromol diet was similar to that of the control but was significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses diet. At 48% nitrogen replacement the nitrogen retention in the uromol-fed animals was still significantly (P < 0·05) higher than the urea–molasses fed group. At 30% nitrogen replacement, the differences between the control, urea–molasses and uromol groups were not significant.In vivo rumen studies with the diets containing 50% NPN replacement showed lower but sustained ammonia-N with uromol than the urea–molasses diet. The total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) in rumen fluid, though initially higher in the control and uromol groups, were not significantly different from the urea–molasses group. Abomasal studies with diets containing 65% N as urea or uromol indicated a higher total nitrogen content in the abomasal fluid of the control and uromol-fed animals than the urea-fed animals. The 24 h abomasal passage of total-N/100 g nitrogen consumed was 95·5, 93·5 and 77·9 g in control, uromol and urea groups, respectively. The TCA-precipitatable-N (TCA-N) was also higher in the first two groups. These studies suggest that uromol is safer and has a better feeding value than urea–molasses at high rates of nitrogen replacement.

scholarly journals Effects of Storage on Quality Traits of Sausages Made with Chicken Breast Meat Affected by Wooden Breast

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 513
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Fortunato de Oliveira ◽  
Maísa Santos Fávero ◽  
Juliana Lolli Malagoli de Mello ◽  
Fábio Borba Ferrari ◽  
Erika Nayara Freire Cavalcanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Chicken Breast ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Moisture Concentration ◽  
Severe Degree ◽  
Wooden Breast ◽  
Taste And Smell ◽  
Chicken Breast Meat

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of storage on the quality of sausages made with breast from chickens affected by wooden breast myopathy (WBM). Breast samples from male broilers slaughtered at 48 days old were used. Normal (absence of myopathy), moderate degree (hardness only in one region of the breast) and severe degree samples (hardness over the entire length of the breast) were processed into sausages and evaluated prior to storage and after being vacuum-packed and stored for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4 °C. There was a decrease (p < 0.001) in pH and an increase (p < 0.001) in cooking weight loss in samples of sausages, regardless of the myopathy, after 28 days of storage. Sausages produced with chicken breast samples affected by wooden breast myopathy presented higher (p < 0.0001) moisture concentration (72% for the severe degree) and higher (p = 0.0224) protein concentration (17.27% and 17.36%, respectively, for the moderate and severe degrees) than sausages made of normal samples (70.72% and 14.32%, respectively). The results indicate that sausages produced with meat from birds moderately and severely affected by the myopathy show higher oxidative stability. Fresh sausages produced with breast meat from birds affected by wooden breast syndrome may be stored (4 °C) for up to 28 days without exhibiting the characteristic rancid taste and smell. In sensory analysis, no differences were observed between the formulations, which suggests that the consumers approved the samples regardless of the disease severity in the meat used for the making of the sausages. The current results show that chicken meat affected by wooden breast myopathy can be used for producing fresh sausages in the industry.

scholarly journals THE TOTAL NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN OF THE BLOOD IN NEPHRITIS AND ALLIED CONDITIONS

1913 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clifford B. Farr ◽  
J. Harold Austin
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Clinical Improvement ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Renal Lesion ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Chronic Nephritis

1. In a series of non-nephritic individuals the total non-protein nitrogen of the blood, determined by Folin's method, was found to lie between 15 and 43 milligrams per 100 cubic centimeters. From 50 to 60 per cent. of this was in the ammonia-urea fraction. 2. In cardiovascular disease with renal congestion, but without other renal lesion, there was no evidence of increase of non-protein nitrogen in the blood, nor of alteration of the ammonia-urea percentage. 3. In chronic nephritis with marked albuminuria and edema there was very little, if any, increase or alteration. 4. In chronic nephritis with hypertension the non-protein nitrogen was definitely increased, ranging from 40 to 180 milligrams per 100 cubic centimeters of blood. The percentage of the ammonia-urea fraction was usually higher than in non-nephritic cases. 5. Cases showing high non-protein nitrogen values were subject to rapid fluctuations in these values in the course of a few days. As a rule, clinical improvement was associated with a fall of the non-protein nitrogen figures to nearer the normal range. 6. Uremia was almost always accompanied by an increase of non-protein nitrogen in the blood, but no constant relation could be established between the degree of increase and the tendency to uremia. 7. Our cases have not yet been followed for a long enough period to admit of conclusions as to the possible relation between the degree of non-protein nitrogen retention and ultimate prognosis. 8. We believe this method to be a valuable aid in the clinical study of nephritis and that it can be readily carried out in any well equipped clinical laboratory.

Physiological and hypoxic O2 tensions rapidly regulate NO production by stimulated macrophages

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (4) ◽  
pp. C1079-C1087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Robinson ◽  
James E. Baumgardner ◽  
Virginia P. Good ◽  
Cynthia M. Otto
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Hypoxic Exposure ◽  
Convection Cell ◽  
No Production ◽  
Inos Protein ◽  
Substrate Limitation ◽  
No Consumption

Nitric oxide (NO) production by inducible NO synthase (iNOS) is dependent on O2 availability. The duration and degree of hypoxia that limit NO production are poorly defined in cultured cells. To investigate short-term O2-mediated regulation of NO production, we used a novel forced convection cell culture system to rapidly (response time of 1.6 s) and accurately (±1 Torr) deliver specific O2 tensions (from <1 to 157 Torr) directly to a monolayer of LPS- and IFNγ-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells while simultaneously measuring NO production via an electrochemical probe. Decreased O2 availability rapidly (≤30 s) and reversibly decreased NO production with an apparent KmO2 of 22 (SD 6) Torr (31 μM) and a Vmax of 4.9 (SD 0.4) nmol·min−1·10−6 cells. To explore potential mechanisms of decreased NO production during hypoxia, we investigated O2-dependent changes in iNOS protein concentration, iNOS dimerization, and cellular NO consumption. iNOS protein concentration was not affected ( P = 0.895). iNOS dimerization appeared to be biphasic [6 Torr ( P = 0.008) and 157 Torr ( P = 0.258) >36 Torr], but it did not predict NO production. NO consumption was minimal at high O2 and NO tensions and negligible at low O2 and NO tensions. These results are consistent with O2 substrate limitation as a regulatory mechanism during brief hypoxic exposure. The rapid and reversible effects of physiological and pathophysiological O2 tensions suggest that O2 tension has the potential to regulate NO production in vivo.

scholarly journals Automated analysis of filopodial length and spatially resolved protein concentration via adaptive shape tracking

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (22) ◽  
pp. 3616-3626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanumoy Saha ◽  
Isabel Rathmann ◽  
Abhiyan Viplav ◽  
Sadhana Panzade ◽  
Isabell Begemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Automated Analysis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Associated Proteins

Filopodia are dynamic, actin-rich structures that transiently form on a variety of cell types. To understand the underlying control mechanisms requires precise monitoring of localization and concentration of individual regulatory and structural proteins as filopodia elongate and subsequently retract. Although several methods exist that analyze changes in filopodial shape, a software solution to reliably correlate growth dynamics with spatially resolved protein concentration along the filopodium independent of bending, lateral shift, or tilting is missing. Here we introduce a novel approach based on the convex-hull algorithm for parallel analysis of growth dynamics and relative spatiotemporal protein concentration along flexible filopodial protrusions. Detailed in silico tests using various geometries confirm that our technique accurately tracks growth dynamics and relative protein concentration along the filopodial length for a broad range of signal distributions. To validate our technique in living cells, we measure filopodial dynamics and quantify spatiotemporal localization of filopodia-associated proteins during the filopodial extension–retraction cycle in a variety of cell types in vitro and in vivo. Together these results show that the technique is suitable for simultaneous analysis of growth dynamics and spatiotemporal protein enrichment along filopodia. To allow readily application by other laboratories, we share source code and instructions for software handling.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variationin Dry Weight and Nitrogen Concentration of Wheat Plant Parts; Relations to Grain Yield and Grain Protein Concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hafeez Malik ◽  
Allan Andersson ◽  
Ramune Kuktaite ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub Mujahid ◽  
Bismillah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts
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