Relationships between soil, forage, and grazing parameter effects on weed incidence in Missouri pastures

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 408-415
Author(s):  
Gatlin Bunton ◽  
Zachary Trower ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Unit Increase ◽  
Grass Weed

AbstractDuring the 2015, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, a survey of 63 pastures in Missouri was conducted to determine the effects of selected soil and forage parameters on the density of common annual, biennial, and perennial weed species. Permanent sampling areas were established in each pasture at a frequency of one representative 20-m2 area per 4 ha of pasture, and weed species and density in each area were determined at 14-d intervals for a period from mid-April until late September. The parameters evaluated included soil pH, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) concentrations, as well as tall fescue density, forage groundcover density, and stocking rate. An increase of 1 unit in soil pH was associated with 146 fewer weeds per hectare, the largest reduction in weed density in response to any soil parameter. Increased soil pH was associated with the greatest reduction in perennial grass weed density, along with an average reduction of 1,410 brush weeds per hectare for each 1-unit increase in soil pH. Common ragweed, a widespread weed of pastures, could be reduced by 3,056 weeds ha−1 when soil pH was 1 unit greater. A 1-ppm increase in soil P was correlated with a decrease of 206 biennial broadleaf weeds per hectare. Perennial broadleaf weed density was reduced in soils with greater concentrations of P, K, and Ca. Additionally, for every 1% increase of tall fescue and forage groundcover, there was a decrease of 18 and 38 perennial broadleaf weeds per hectare. The results from this research indicate that the density of many common weed species can be reduced with higher soil pH and adjustments to soil macro- and micronutrient concentrations, especially P.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the incidence, severity and forage nutritive value of common weed species in Missouri pastures

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Zachary Lee Trower
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Forage Quality ◽  
Cattle Grazing ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Primary Parameter ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Growing Seasons

Across the 2015-2016 growing seasons, 43 mixed tall fescue and legume pastures were surveyed to determine the effects of selected soil and forage parameters on the density of individual weed species and overall weed density. The parameters included soil phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) concentration, soil pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), cattle grazing density, total forage groundcover density, tall fescue density, and beneficial legume density, which was comprised of white clover, red clover and annual lespedeza densities. Sampling areas were established in each pasture at a frequency of one representative 20 m2 area per 4 ha of pasture. Once established, survey locations were sampled every 14 days during a period from April through September. Weed density was divided into categories (total, annual broadleaves, perennial broadleaves, and annual grasses) and also by the most common individual weed species encountered. These datasets were then divided into 3 timings, 05 (April-May), 07 (June-July), and 12 (August-September), and then analyzed using regression tree models. Across all weed types and species, forage groundcover density was the main parameter that affected weed density. Soil K, P, and Mg levels also impacted weed density for many life cycles and weed species. Soil K level was the primary parameter that reduced density of common ragweed in the 07 and 12 timeframes, and this is one of the most common weed species encountered in Missouri pastures. Similarly, soil P level was the primary parameter that reduced perennial broadleaf weed density in the 07 and 12 timeframes; when P was greater than 1.5 ppm, there was a 66 and 59% reduction in the density of these species in the 07 and 12 timeframes, respectively. Cattle grazing densities less than1.2 units per acre also resulted in fewer annual grass weeds in pastures. Results from this survey indicate that maximizing the groundcover of beneficial forage species is the most important factor that results in weed density reductions in mixed tall fescue and legume pastures, followed by proper maintenance of soil nutrients like P and K. Weed and representative forage samples were collected from 22 mixed tall fescue and legume pastures during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons to investigate the seasonal variation in forage quality of 15common pasture weeds in Missouri. Sampling occurred at 14-day intervals throughout the season and began in early April or when emergence of each weed species was observed. Sampling concluded either at plant senescence or mid- to late-September. There was no significant linear relationship between increasing time and crude protein (CP) concentration or digestibility for buckhorn plantain, dandelion, sericea lespedeza, and yellow foxtail, but CP concentration and digestibility declined linearly through the growing season for all other weed species evaluated. Most weed species also had a linear decline in neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD) and a linear increase in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) as the season progressed. When comparing pure weed samples to the representative forage from the same location, CP concentrations in spiny amaranth, woolly croton, annual fleabane, white snakeroot, Pennsylvania smartweed, and vervain species were not significantly different than their representative forage samples at any sampling interval throughout the season. However, CP concentration of common ragweed, lance leaf ragweed, horsenettle, and dandelion were often higher than the representative forage sample for the majority of sampling timings throughout the season while yellow foxtail and ironweed species had significantly lower CP concentration than the representative forage samples from July 26 to August 23.Additionally, digestibility of common ragweed, lanceleaf ragweed, broadleaf plantain, Pennsylvania smartweed, dandelion, and common cocklebur was greater than that of the representative forage sample for the majority of sampling periods throughout the season (P [less than] 0.05). These results can be used to understand how the nutritive value of common weed species changes throughout the season and at what times specific weed species have the potential to influence the overall forage quality in mixed tall fescueand legume pastures.

Seasonal changes in forage nutritive value of common weeds encountered in Missouri pastures

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
Gatlin Bunton ◽  
Zach Trower ◽  
Craig Roberts ◽  
Kevin W. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Quality Parameter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Growing Seasons

AbstractDuring the 2015, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, weed and weed-free mixed tall fescue and legume forage samples were harvested from 29 pastures throughout Missouri for investigation of the nutritive value of 20 common pasture weed species throughout the season. At certain times during the growing season, many broadleaf weed species had greater nutritive values for a given quality parameter as compared with the available weed-free, mixed tall fescue and legume forage harvested from the same location. There were no significant differences in crude protein concentration between the weed-free forage and many weeds throughout the growing season. However, crude protein content of common burdock, common cocklebur, common ragweed, dandelion, horsenettle, and lanceleaf ragweed was greater than that of the corresponding forage sample at multiple collection periods. The digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF) content of all broadleaf weeds except lanceleaf ragweed was significantly lower than that of the weed-free forage at all collection periods. Conversely, large crabgrass had significantly greater digestible neutral detergent fiber levels than did the mixed tall fescue forage at all sampling dates. Dandelion and spiny amaranth had greater in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) content than did the forage for the entire growing season. Three perennial weeds—horsenettle, vervains, and late boneset—did not differ in IVTD levels as compared with the mixed tall fescue and legume forage at any collection date. For most summer annual weeds, the trend was toward greater digestibility earlier in the season, with a gradual decline and often lower IVTD by the late summer or early fall. The results of this study will enable producers to make more informed management decisions about the potential benefit or detriment a weed may provide to the overall nutritive value of the pasture system.

WEED MANAGEMENT IN AEROBIC RICE: ROLE OF ESTABLISHMENT METHODS AND HERBICIDES

2017 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104
Author(s):  
SUSHMITA MUNDA ◽  
SANJOY SAHA ◽  
TOTAN ADAK ◽  
NITIPRASAD JAMBHULKAR
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Establishment Method ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
Grass Weed ◽  
Selection Of

SUMMARYWeed management in rice depends on establishment method and proper selection of herbicide. A field experiment was conducted during dry seasons of 2013 and 2014 to develop a robust strategy for effective weed management in aerobic rice system for tropical rice belts. The efficacy of post-emergent herbicides bispyribac-sodium, azimsulfuron and flucetosulfuron were evaluated under different rice establishment methods (row sowing, spot seeding and broadcasting). Grass weed species constituted 58–68% of the total weed density across the establishment methods in the weedy check treatment. The total weed density and weed biomass were lowest in spot seeding with azimsulfuron (35 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1) 30 and 60 days after sowing. Among herbicides, use of azimsulfuron caused the highest grain yield (5.2 Mg ha−1), realizing 72% increase in grain yield over the weedy check. Yields in row sowing and spot seeding were similar and the same was verified when comparing yields in plots treated with bispyribac-sodium and azimsulfuron. Based on our findings and considering both weed presence and grain yield, azimsulfuron in spot seeding can be recommended in aerobic rice.

scholarly journals Suppression of annual grass weeds by AR542 endophyte infection in dryland tall fescue pastures

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. 164-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.N. Tozer ◽  
R.J. Lucas ◽  
G.R. Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Plant Competition ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Weed Cover ◽  
Grass Weed

The effect of endophyte infection of tall fescue (with and without AR542 endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum) plant competition (white versus Caucasian clover with and without subterranean clover overdrilled) and spring stocking rate (10 versus 20 ewes/ha) on the population size of annual grass weeds was monitored in a pasture on dry stony soils in Canterbury Barley grass (Critesion murinum) cover and seedhead production were lower in AR542 than endophyte free pastures and where subterranean clover was overdrilled than where it was not Vulpia hair grass (Vulpia spp) seedhead production and cover were lower where subterranean clover was overdrilled and where Caucasian rather than white clover was sown Ewe stocking rate did not affect annual grass weed cover or seedhead density The results indicate that sowing tall fescue with AR542 endophyte may be a useful management tool to enhance growth of the perennial grass and reduce invasion of barley grass into dryland pastures

SGS Pasture Theme: effect of climate, soil factors and management onpasture production and stability across the high rainfall zone of southern Australia

2003 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 945 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Sanford ◽  
B. R. Cullen ◽  
P. M. Dowling ◽  
D. F. Chapman ◽  
D. L. Garden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Perennial Grass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
Stocking Rate ◽  
Rotational Grazing ◽  
Soil P ◽  
High Rainfall ◽  
Stocking Rates

The Sustainable Grazing Systems (SGS) National Experiment (NE) Pasture Theme explored factors that influenced annual herbage accumulation and perennial grass and legume content across the NE sites, in the high rainfall zone (HRZ, >600 mm/year annual rainfall) of southern Australia using multi-variate analysis and the SGS Pasture Model. Annual rainfall was a poor predictor of annual herbage accumulation. The length of growing season accounted for 30% of the variation in annual herbage accumulation. Much of the remaining 70% of variation in annual herbage accumulation was explained by soil Olsen P, the proportion of native species in the pasture and stocking rate, together with interactions among other factors including legume content. Simulated effects of set stocking and rotational grazing on herbage accumulation using the SGS Pasture Model, predicted that rotational grazing was unlikely to result in large increases in herbage accumulation. In contrast, it was predicted that the adoption of deep-rooted C3 and C4 perennial grasses could provide useful increases in herbage accumulation. Perennial grass content and basal cover were both significantly influenced by growing season length (P<0.001), grazing method (P<0.001) and an interaction between stocking rate and soil pH (P = 0.002). These analyses suggested that to maintain or improve the perennial grass component of a pasture at medium–high stocking rates, it was crucial to adopt grazing strategies that included rotation or resting. Perennial grass percent also significantly (P<0.001) increased in response to ameliorating the soil pH. Legume content of pastures significantly (P<0.001) increased in response to set stocking and increased stocking rate.To be botanically stable and productive, sown pastures based on perennial grasses in the HRZ of southern Australia will need to be grazed at high stocking rates (15–23 DSE/ha) in combination with rotational grazing or resting, and with adequate soil P. Additional gains in production and stability could be obtained by ensuring an adequate legume component, including a C4 perennial grass and ameliorating soil acidity. Pastures based on native perennial grasses may require lower soil P and more conservative stocking rates, depending on species.

scholarly journals Cranberry Yield and Fruit Quality Reduction Caused by Weed Competition

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1127-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim D. Patten ◽  
John Wang
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Linear Component ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Quadratic Polynomials ◽  
Canopy Density ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Best Fit

The relationships between canopy density of three perennial weed species (Potentilla pacifica Howell, Aster subspicatus Nees, and Lotus corniculatus L.) and `Mcfarlin' and `Stevens' cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) yield and fruit quality were evaluated. Yield was more severely affected by weed interferences than fruit size or color. Best-fit regression equations for the effects of weed density on yield, fruit size, and color were linear or quadratic polynomials with a strong linear component. For each bog, the slope of the linear relationship between yield and weed density was more negative as the mean yield of weed-free controls increased. `Stevens' fruit size and yield were more sensitive and fruit color was less sensitive to changes in P. pacifica population density than those of `McFarlin'.

scholarly journals The Effect of Different Soil Tillage Systems and Crop Residues on the Composition of Weed Communities

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1276
Author(s):  
Vaida Steponavičienė ◽  
Aušra Marcinkevičienė ◽  
Lina Marija Butkevičienė ◽  
Lina Skinulienė ◽  
Vaclovas Bogužas
Keyword(s):  
Soil Ph ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Agricultural Crops ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
Weed Communities

The composition of weed communities in agricultural crops is dependent on soil properties and the applied agronomic practices. The current study determined the effect of different tillage systems and crop residue on the soil weed community composition. The research programme encompassed 2013–2015 in a long-term field experiment located in the Experimental Station of Vytautas Magnus University in Lithuania. The soil type in the experimental field was qualified as Endocalcaric Stagnosol (Aric, Drainic, Ruptic, Amphisiltic). Weeds were categorised into communities according to soil pH, nitrogen and moisture indicators. The results of investigations were grouped using cluster analysis. Agricultural crops were dominated by different weed species depending on the soil pH and moisture. Weed species were relatively more frequent indicating nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, an increase in the abundance of weed species indicating moderate acidity and low acidity, moderately wet and wet, nitrogen-rich and very nitrogen-rich soils was observed. The application of plant residues decreased the weed species abundance. In the reduced tillage and no-tillage systems, the quantitative distribution of weed was often uneven. By evaluating the association of weed communities with groups of different tillage systems with or without plant residues, their control can be optimised.

scholarly journals Effect of Clay, Soil Organic Matter, and Soil pH on Initial and Residual Weed Control with Flumioxazin

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1326
Author(s):  
Calvin F. Glaspie ◽  
Eric A. L. Jones ◽  
Donald Penner ◽  
John A. Pawlak ◽  
Wesley J. Everman
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Weed Control ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Soil Organic Matter Content ◽  
Field Soils

Greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of soil organic matter content and soil pH on initial and residual weed control with flumioxazin by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils. Initial control was determined by planting weed seeds into various lab-made and field soils treated with flumioxazin (71 g ha−1). Seeds of Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass), Setaria faberi (giant foxtail), Amaranthus retroflexus (redroot pigweed), and Abutilon theophrasti (velvetleaf) were incorporated into the top 1.3 cm of each soil at a density of 100 seeds per pot, respectively. Emerged plants were counted and removed in both treated and non-treated pots two weeks after planting and each following week for six weeks. Flumioxazin control was evaluated by calculating percent emergence of weeds in treated soils compared to the emergence of weeds in non-treated soils. Clay content was not found to affect initial flumioxazin control of any tested weed species. Control of A. theophrasti, E. crus-galli, and S. faberi was reduced as soil organic matter content increased. The control of A. retroflexus was not affected by organic matter. Soil pH below 6 reduced flumioxazin control of A. theophrasti, and S. faberi but did not affect the control of A. retroflexus and E. crus-galli. Flumioxazin residual control was determined by planting selected weed species in various lab-made and field soils 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after treatment. Eight weeks after treatment, flumioxazin gave 0% control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi in all soils tested. Control of A. retroflexus and Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters) was 100% for the duration of the experiment, except when soil organic matter content was greater than 3% or the soil pH 7. Eight weeks after treatment, 0% control was only observed for common A. retroflexus and C. album in organic soil (soil organic matter > 80%) or when soil pH was above 7. Control of A. theophrasti and S. faberi decreased as soil organic matter content and soil pH increased. Similar results were observed when comparing lab-made soils to field soils; however, differences in control were observed between lab-made organic matter soils and field organic matter soils. Results indicate that flumioxazin can provide control ranging from 75–100% for two to six weeks on common weed species.

The Effect of Piperonyl Butoxide and Adjuvants on Sulfonylurea Herbicide Activity

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chae Soon Kwon ◽  
Donald Penner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Oil ◽  
Oxidase Inhibitor ◽  
Piperonyl Butoxide ◽  
Mixed Function Oxidase ◽  
Sulfonylurea Herbicide ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Foxtail ◽  
Herbicide Activity ◽  
Grass Weed

Greenhouse studies showed that the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), tank-mixed with the sulfonylurea herbicides, nicosulfuron, primisulfuron, and thifensulfuron, in the absence of effective adjuvants enhanced herbicide activity on both broadleaf and grass weed species. Effective adjuvants for nicosulfuron were K-3000 for common lambsquarters, Sylgard® 309 Surfactant for velvetleaf, K-2000 for barnyardgrass, and K-2000, K-3000, and Scoil® methylated seed oil for giant foxtail control. K-3000 and Sylgard 309 enhanced velvetleaf control with primisulfuron and thifensulfuron. The 28% urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN) was more effective as an adjuvant with thifensulfuron for velvetleaf than for common lambsquarters control. The enhancement of sulfonylurea herbicide activity with PBO was most apparent when other adjuvants were least effective.

Studies on the flowering biology of red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) ramets from lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada

Botany ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott N. White ◽  
Nathan S. Boyd ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker ◽  
Clarence J. Swanton
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Perennial Species ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Vaccinium Angustifolium ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Flowering Response ◽  
Lowbush Blueberry ◽  
Rumex Acetosella

Red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.) is a ramet-producing herbaceous creeping perennial species commonly found as a weed in commercially managed lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton) fields in Nova Scotia, Canada. Flowering and seed production occur primarily in overwintering ramets of this species, indicating a potential vernalization requirement for flowering. This study was therefore initiated to examine the role of vernalization, photoperiod, and pre-vernalization stimulus on ramet flowering. Red sorrel ramets propagated from creeping roots and seeds collected from established red sorrel populations in lowbush blueberry had an obligate requirement for vernalization to flower. Ramet populations maintained under pre- and post-vernalization photoperiods of 16 h flowered following 12 weeks of vernalization at 4 ± 0.1 °C, whereas those maintained under constant 16, 14, or 8 h photoperiods without vernalization did not flower. Vernalization for 10 weeks maximized, but did not saturate, the flowering response. Pre-vernalization photoperiod affected flowering response, with increased flowering frequency observed in ramet populations exposed to decreasing, rather than constant, photoperiod prior to vernalization. This study represents the first attempt to determine the combined effects of vernalization and photoperiod on red sorrel flowering, and the results provide a benchmark for the future study of flowering and sexual reproduction in this economically important perennial weed species.

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