scholarly journals Differential cell adhesion implemented by Drosophila Toll corrects local distortions of the anterior-posterior compartment boundary

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norihiro Iijima ◽  
Katsuhiko Sato ◽  
Erina Kuranaga ◽  
Daiki Umetsu
Keyword(s):  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Cell Contacts ◽  
Animal Development ◽  
Differential Adhesion ◽  
Theoretical Support ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Adhesion System ◽  
Local Distortions

AbstractMaintaining lineage restriction boundaries in proliferating tissues is vital to animal development. A long-standing thermodynamics theory, the differential adhesion hypothesis, attributes cell sorting phenomena to differentially expressed adhesion molecules. However, the contribution of the differential adhesion system during tissue morphogenesis has been unsubstantiated despite substantial theoretical support. Here, we report that Toll-1, a transmembrane receptor protein, acts as a differentially expressed adhesion molecule that straightens the fluctuating anteroposterior compartment boundary in the abdominal epidermal epithelium of the Drosophila pupa. Toll-1 is expressed across the entire posterior compartment under the control of the selector gene engrailed and displays a sharp expression boundary that coincides with the compartment boundary. Toll-1 corrects local distortions of the boundary in the absence of cable-like Myosin II enrichment along the boundary. The reinforced adhesion of homotypic cell contacts, together with pulsed cell contraction, achieves a biased vertex sliding action by resisting the separation of homotypic cell contacts in boundary cells. This work reveals a self-organizing system that integrates a differential adhesion system with pulsed contraction of cells to maintain lineage restriction boundaries.

scholarly journals Integrative Transcriptomics and Proteomics Analyses to Reveal the Developmental Regulation of Metorchis orientalis: A Neglected Trematode With Potential Carcinogenic Implications

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun-Feng Gao ◽  
Qing-Bo Lv ◽  
Rui-Feng Mao ◽  
Yun-Yi Sun ◽  
Ying-Yu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleocytoplasmic Transport ◽  
Protein Quantification ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Serine Threonine Kinase ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Threonine Kinase ◽  
Gene And Protein Expression

Metorchis orientalis is a neglected zoonotic parasite of the gallbladder and bile duct of poultry, mammals, and humans. It has been widely reported in Asian, including China, Japanese, and Korea, where it is a potential threat to public health. Despite its significance as an animal and human pathogen, there are few published transcriptomic and proteomics data available. Transcriptome Illumina RNA sequencing and label-free protein quantification were performed to compare the gene and protein expression of adult and metacercariae-stage M. orientalis, resulting in 100,234 unigenes and 3,530 proteins. Of these, 13,823 differentially expressed genes and 1,445 differentially expressed proteins were identified in adult versus metacercariae. In total, 570 genes were differentially expressed consistent with the mRNA and protein level in the adult versus metacercariae stage. Differential gene transcription analyses revealed 34,228 genes to be expressed in both stages, whereas 66,006 genes showed stage-specific expression. Compared with adults, the metacercariae stage was highly transcriptional. GO and KEGG analyses based on transcriptome and proteome revealed numerous up-regulated genes in adult M. orientalis related to microtubule-based processes, microtubule motor activity, and nucleocytoplasmic transport. The up-regulated genes in metacercariae M. orientalis were mainly related to transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase activity, transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway. Transcriptome and proteome comparative analyses showed numerous up-regulated genes in adult stage were mainly enriched in actin filament capping, spectrin, and glucose metabolic process, while up-regulated genes in metacercariae stage were mainly related to cilium assembly, cilium movement, and motile cilium. These results highlight changes in protein and gene functions during the development of metacercariae into adults, and provided evidence for the mechanisms involved in morphological and metabolic changes at both the protein and gene levels. Interestingly, many genes had been proved associated with liver fibrosis and carcinogenic factors were identified highly expressed in adult M. orientalis, which suggests that M. orientalis is a neglected trematode with potential carcinogenic implications. These data provide attractive targets for the development of therapeutic or diagnostic interventions for controlling M. orientalis.

Role of knot (kn) in Wing Patterning in Drosophila

Genetics ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 1203-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Nestoras ◽  
Helena Lee ◽  
Jym Mohler
Keyword(s):  
Hedgehog Signaling ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Drosophila Wing ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Hh Signaling ◽  
Embryonic Segmentation ◽  
Anterior Posterior

We have undertaken a genetic analysis of new strong alleles of knot (kn). The original kn1 mutation causes an alteration of wing patterning similar to that associated with mutations of fused (fu), an apparent fusion of veins 3 and 4 in the wing. However, unlike fu, strong kn mutations do not affect embryonic segmentation and indicate that kn is not a component of a general Hh (Hedgehog)-signaling pathway. Instead we find that kn has a specific role in those cells of the wing imaginal disc that are subject to ptc-mediated Hh-signaling. Our results suggest a model for patterning the medial portion of the Drosophila wing, whereby the separation of veins 3 and 4 is maintained by kn activation in the intervening region in response to Hh-signaling across the adjacent anterior-posterior compartment boundary.

scholarly journals Genome-wide Expression Profiling and Pathway Analysis in Cyclic Stretched Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle D. Drewry ◽  
Jingwen Cai ◽  
Inas Helwa ◽  
Eric Hu ◽  
Sabrina Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Stress ◽  
Pathway Analysis ◽  
Trabecular Meshwork ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Trabecular Meshwork Cells ◽  
Differentially Expressed Mirnas ◽  
Significant Enrichment

AbstractPurposeRegulation of intraocular pressure is dependent upon homeostatic responses of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells to mechanical stretch. Despite the important roles of miRNAs in regulating TM function and aqueous outflow, it remains unclear how miRNA and their target genes interact in response to physiological cyclic mechanical stretch. We aimed to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and their potential targets in human TM cells in response to cyclic mechanical stress.MethodsMonolayers of TM cells from non-glaucomatous donors (n=3-6) were cultured in the presence or absence of 15% mechanical stretch, 1 cycle/s, for 6 or 24-hours using computer-controlled Flexcell Unit. We profiled the expression of 800 miRNAs using NanoString Human miRNA assays and identified differentially expressed miRNAs using the Bioconductor Limma package. We identified differentially expressed genes using Operon Human Oligo Arrays with GeneSpring software. Pathway analysis with WebGestalt identified stretch-related pathways. We used Integrative miRNA Target Finder from Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to identify potential miRNA-mRNA regulations.ResultsWe identified 540 unique genes and 74 miRNAs with differential expression in TM cells upon cyclic mechanical stretch. Pathway analysis indicated the significant enrichment of genes involved in Wnt-signaling, receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling, TGF-β pathway, and response to unfolded protein. We also identified several miRNA master regulators, including miR-19b-3p and miR-93-5p, which may act as switches to control several mechano-responsive genes.ConclusionsThis study suggests that cyclic mechanical stress of TM cells triggers alterations in the expression of both mRNAs and miRNAs implicated in glaucoma-associated pathways.

scholarly journals Control of cell fate and polarity in the adult abdominal segments of Drosophila by optomotor-blind

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (19) ◽  
pp. 3715-3726 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kopp ◽  
I. Duncan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Anterior Compartment ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Hh Signaling

In an accompanying report (Kopp, A., Muskavitch, M. A. T. and Duncan, I. (1997) Development 124, 3703–3714), we show that Hh protein secreted by posterior compartment cells patterns the posterior portion of the anterior compartment in adult abdominal segments. Here we show that this function of hh is mediated by optomotor-blind (omb). omb- mutants mimic the effects of loss-of-function alleles of hh: structures from the posterior of the anterior compartment are lost, and often this region develops as a mirror image of the anterior portion. Structures from the anterior part of the posterior compartment are also lost. In the pupa, omb expression in abdominal histoblasts is highest at or near the compartment boundary, and decreases in a shallow gradient toward the anterior. This gradient is due to activation of omb by Hh secreted by posterior compartment cells. In contrast to imaginal discs, this Hh signaling is not mediated by dpp or wg. We describe several gain-of-function alleles that cause ectopic expression of omb in the anterior of the segment. Most of these cause the anterior region to develop with posterior characteristics without affecting polarity. However, an allele that drives high level ubiquitous expression of omb (QdFab) causes the anterior tergite to develop as a mirror-image duplication of the posterior tergite, a pattern opposite to that seen in omb- mutants. Ubiquitous expression of hh causes similar double-posterior patterning. We find that omb- alleles suppress this effect of ectopic hh expression and that posterior patterning becomes independent of hh in the QdFab mutant. These observations indicate that omb is the primary target of hh signaling in the adult abdomen. However, it is clear that other targets exist. One of these is likely Scruffy, a novel gene that we describe, which acts in parallel to omb. To explain the effects of omb alleles, we propose that both anterior and posterior compartments in the abdomen are polarized by underlying symmetric gradients of unknown origin. We suggest that omb has two functions. First, it specifies the development of appropriate structures both anterior and posterior to the compartment boundary. Second, it causes cells to reverse their interpretation of polarity specified by the underlying symmetric gradients.

Bristle patterns and compartment boundaries in the tarsi of Drosophila

Development ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
Peter A. Lawrence ◽  
Gary Struhl ◽  
Gines Morata
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Formation ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Mirror Plane ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Gene Model ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
The Third ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Bristle Patterns

We describe cell lineage of the tarsus of wild-type Drosophila. Large Minute+ clones were made to map the position of the antero-posterior compartment boundary in all three tarsi. The tarsus is mirror symmetric, but the compartment boundary does not coincide with the mirror plane. This boundary runs along the dorsal and the ventral rows of bristles which are immediately posterior to the mirror plane; elements in these rows being made by both anterior and posterior polyclones. The provenance of bristles and bracts suggests that the bristle cells move into their final positions. The homoeotic mutation engrailed affects only the posterior compartments of all three tarsi. The mutations bithorax and postbithorax affect only the anterior and posterior compartments of the third legs, respectively, transforming them into homologous compartments of the second leg. These results support the selector gene model of development (Garcia-Bellido, 1975) and emphasize that collaboration between polyclones is important in pattern formation.

Signaling through both type I DPP receptors is required for anterior-posterior patterning of the entire Drosophila wing

Development ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Singer ◽  
A. Penton ◽  
V. Twombly ◽  
F.M. Hoffmann ◽  
W.M. Gelbart
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Type I ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Anterior Compartment ◽  
Hypomorphic Allele ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Adult Wing ◽  
Mutant Cells ◽  
Narrow Stripe ◽  
Anterior Posterior

The imaginal disk expression of the TGF-beta superfamily member DPP in a narrow stripe of cells along the anterior-posterior compartment boundary is essential for proper growth and patterning of the Drosophila appendages. We examine DPP receptor function to understand how this localized DPP expression produces its global effects upon appendage development. Clones of saxophone (sax) or thick veins (tkv) mutant cells, defective in one of the two type I receptors for DPP, show shifts in cell fate along the anterior-posterior axis. In the adult wing, clones that are homozygous for a null allele of sax or a hypomorphic allele of tkv show shifts to more anterior fates when the clone is in the anterior compartment and to more posterior fates when the clone is in the posterior compartment. The effect of these clones upon the expression pattern of the downstream gene spalt-major also correlates with these specific shifts in cell fate. The similar effects of sax null and tkv hypomorphic clones indicate that the primary difference in the function of these two receptors during wing patterning is that TKV transmits more of the DPP signal than does SAX. Our results are consistent with a model in which a gradient of DPP reaches all cells in the developing wing blade to direct anterior-posterior pattern.

scholarly journals A refutation to 'A new A-P compartment boundary and organizer in holometabolous insect wings.'

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Lawrence ◽  
Jose Casal ◽  
Jose F. de Celis ◽  
Gines Morata
Keyword(s):  
Internal Controls ◽  
The Other ◽  
Butterfly Wing ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Wing Vein ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Holometabolous Insect ◽  
Insect Wings ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Dorsoventral Boundary

We respond to a recent report by Abbasi and Marcus who present two main findings: first they argue that there is an organiser and a compartment boundary within the posterior compartment of the butterfly wing. Second, they present evidence for a previously undiscovered lineage boundary near wing vein 5 in Drosophila, a boundary that delineates a "far posterior" compartment. Clones of cells were marked with the yellow mutation and they reported that these clones always fail to cross a line close to vein 5 on the Drosophila wing. In our hands yellow proved an unusable marker for clones in the wing blade and therefore we reexamined the matter. We marked clones of cells with multiple wing hairs or forked and found a substantial proportion of these clones cross the proposed lineage boundary near vein 5, in conflict with their findings and conclusion. As internal controls we showed that these same clones respect the other two well established compartment boundaries: the anteroposterior compartment boundary is always respected. The dorsoventral boundary is mostly respected, and is crossed only by clones that are induced early in development, consistent with many reports. We question the validity of Abbasi and Marcus' conclusions regarding the butterfly wing but present no new data. Arising from: R. Abbasi and J. M. Marcus Sci. Rep. 7, 16337 (2017); https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16553-5 .

scholarly journals N6-Methyladenosine Modification Changes in the Genome of Paulownia Fortunei Seedlings Infected With Phytoplasma

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingluo Xu ◽  
Shunmou Huang ◽  
Xiaoqiao Zhai ◽  
Xiaofan Li ◽  
Haibo Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Functional Enrichment ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Receptor Protein ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Differentially Methylated Genes ◽  
Paulownia Fortunei

Abstract Background: Phytoplasmas induce diseases in more than 1,000 plant species and cause substantial ecological damage and economic losses, but the specific pathogenesis of phytoplasma has not yet been clarified. N6-methyladenosine sequencing (m6A-seq) has been applied mainly to model plants and not to woody plants. Results: In this study, we applied m6A-seq to study changes in m6A modification in the Paulownia fortunei genome after phytoplasma infection. We found that the m6A modification level in seedlings infected with the phytoplasma that causes Paulownia witches' broom (PaWB) was slightly higher than the m6A modification level in PaWB-infected seedlings treated with 60 mg·L−1 methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). MMS has been shown to restore PaWB-infected seedlings to their normal form and no phytoplasma can be detected in MMS-treated PaWB-infected seedlings. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and m6A-seq were used to analyze the expression of genes with m6A peaks and m6A motifs in genes, respectively. The correlation analysis between the RNA-seq and m6A-seq data detected that a total of 315 differentially methylated genes were predicted to be significantly differentially expressed at the transcriptome level. The functions of genes related to PaWB were predicted by functional enrichment analysis, and two genes related to maintenance of the basic mechanism of stem cells in shoot apical meristem were discovered. One of the genes encodes the receptor protein kinase CLV2 (Paulownia_LG2G000076), and the other gene encodes the homeobox transcription factor STM (Paulownia_LG15G000976). The m6A modification levels were higher in PaWB-infected seedlings than they were in MMS-treated seedlings. In addition, genes F-box (Paulownia_LG17G000760) and MSH5 (Paulownia_LG8G001160) had exon skipping and mutually exclusive exon types of alternative splicing in PaWB-infected seedling treated with MMS. RT-PCR verified that the alternative splicing of these two genes was related to m6A modification. Conclusions: In this study, we applied m6A-seq to determine methylation levels in phytoplasma-infected Paulownia, and combined m6A-seq with transcriptome analysis to screen differentially expressed genes associated with PaWB. Also analyzed the effect of m6A methylation on alternative splicing. In future studies, we plan to verify genes directly related to PaWB and methylation-related enzymes in Paulownia to elucidate the pathogenicity mechanism of PaWB caused by phytoplasma invasion.

Mutations in zebrafish genes affecting the formation of the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain

Development ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Brand ◽  
C.P. Heisenberg ◽  
Y.J. Jiang ◽  
D. Beuchle ◽  
K. Lun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Tectum ◽  
Genetic Linkage ◽  
Marker Gene ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Posterior Compartment ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Pronephric Duct ◽  
Marker Gene Expression ◽  
Compartment Boundary ◽  
Molecular Organisation

Mutations in two genes affect the formation of the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain (MHB): no isthmus (noi) and acerebellar (ace). noi mutant embryos lack the MHB constriction, the cerebellum and optic tectum, as well as the pronephric duct. Analysis of noi mutant embryos with neuron-specific antibodies shows that the MHB region and the dorsal and ventral midbrain are absent or abnormal, but that the rostral hindbrain is unaffected with the exception of the cerebellum. Using markers that are expressed during its formation (eng, wnt1 and pax-b), we find that the MHB region is already misspecified in noi mutant embryos during late gastrulation. The tectum is initially present and later degenerates. The defect in ace mutant embryos is more restricted: MHB and cerebellum are absent, but a tectum is formed. Molecular organisation of the tectum and tegmentum is disturbed, however, since eng, wnt1 and pax-b marker gene expression is not maintained. We propose that noi and ace are required for development of the MHB region and of the adjacent mid- and hindbrain, which are thought to be patterned by the MHB region. Presence of pax-b RNA, and absence of pax-b protein, together with the observation of genetic linkage and the occurrence of a point mutation, show that noi mutations are located in the pax-b gene. pax-b is a vertebrate orthologue of the Drosophila gene paired, which is involved in a pathway of cellular interactions at the posterior compartment boundary in Drosophila. Our results confirm and extend a previous report, and show that at least one member of this conserved signalling pathway is required for formation of the boundary between midbrain and hindbrain in the zebrafish.

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