Comparative study on the distribution and expression of Neuroglobin and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in the telencephalon of yak and cattle

The telencephalon refers to the most highly developed and anterior part of the forebrain, consisting mainly of the cerebral hemispheres. The study determined Neuroglobin (Ngb) and Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) expression in the telencephalon of yak and cattle, and compare the expression and distribution pattern of Ngb and HIF-1α in the two animals. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blot (WB) were employed to investigate Ngb and Hif-1α expression in the telencephalon of yak and cattle. mRNA and protein expressions of Ngb and HIF-1α showed positive in different tissues of the yak and cattle telencephalon. Ngb expression in tissues of the yak recorded higher as compare to cattle while HIF-1α expression was found higher in cattle than yak. The HIF-1α expression in some tissues of yak telencephalon was consistent with the cattle. The results documented that HIF-1α may have a direct or indirect synergistic effect on Ngb expression in the yak telencephalon to improve hypoxia adaptation. It is suggested that yak may need more Ngb expression for adaptation, but the expression of HIF-1α seems to be down-regulated during long-term adaptation, and the specific causes of this phenomenon needs to be further verified.

The oscillating Mucin-type protein DPY-6 has a conserved role in nematode mouth and cuticle formation

Nematodes show an extraordinary diversity of mouth structures and strikingly different feeding strategies, which has enabled an invasion of all ecosystems. However, nearly nothing is known about the structural and molecular architecture of the nematode mouth (stoma). Pristionchus pacificus is an intensively studied nematode that exhibits unique life history traits, including predation, teeth-like denticle formation, and mouth-form plasticity. Here, we used a large-scale genetic screen to identify genes involved in mouth formation. We identified Ppa-dpy-6 to encode a Mucin-type hydrogel-forming protein that is macroscopically involved in the specification of the cheilostom, the anterior part of the mouth. We used a recently developed protocol for geometric morphometrics of miniature animals to characterize these defects further and found additional defects that affect mouth form, shape, and size resulting in an overall malformation of the mouth. Additionally, Ppa-dpy-6 is shorter than wild-type with a typical Dumpy phenotype, indicating a role in the formation of the external cuticle. This concomitant phenotype of the cheilostom and cuticle provides the first molecular support for the continuity of these structures and for the separation of the cheilostom from the rest of the stoma. In C. elegans, dpy-6 was an early mapping mutant but its molecular identity was only determined during genome-wide RNAi screens and not further investigated. Strikingly, geometric morphometric analysis revealed previously unrecognized cheilostom and gymnostom defects in Cel-dpy-6 mutants. Thus, the Mucin-type protein DPY-6 represents to the best of our knowledge, the first protein involved in nematode mouth formation with a conserved role in cuticle deposition. This study opens new research avenues to characterize the molecular composition of the nematode mouth, which is associated with extreme ecological diversification.

DIFFUSE IDIOPATHIC SKELETAL HYPEROSTOSIS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE - DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT

Диффузный идиопатический скелетный гиперостоз - системное состояние, характеризующееся наличием по меньшей мере трех костных мостиков в переднебоковом отделе позвоночника. Распространенность заболевания составляет 2,9% - 42,0%. Важным компонентом для диагностики гиперостоза было наличие костного нароста в передней части смежных позвонков. Дебют диффузного идиопатического скелетного гиперостоза протекает бессимптомно, в результате чего заболевание обнаруживается как случайное открытие во время рентгенологического обследования других заболеваний. Клинически значимым симптомом гиперостоза в шейном отделе является дисфагия и обструкция дыхательных путей. В результате костного нароста, расположенного кпереди от тел позвонков в шейном отделе позвоночника, трахея и пищевод смещаются, что приводит к дисфагии и обструкции дыхательных путей, что является главным диагностическим критерием и показанием к оперативному лечению. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is a systemic condition characterized by the presence of at least three bone bridges in the anterolateral spine. The prevalence of the disease is 2.9% - 42.0%. An important component for the diagnosis of hyperostosis was the presence of a bone growth in the anterior part of the adjacent vertebrae. The onset of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis is asymptomatic, as a result of which the disease is detected as an accidental discovery during X-ray examination of other diseases. A clinically significant symptom of cervical hyperostosis is dysphagia and airway obstruction. As a result of the bone growth located anteriorly from the vertebral bodies in the cervical spine, the trachea and esophagus are displaced, which leads to dysphagia and airway obstruction, which is the main diagnostic criterion and indication for surgical treatment.

The Application of Manual Techniques in Masticatory Muscles Relaxation as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) are primarily characterized by pain as well as disorders concerning the proper functioning of individual elements of the stomatognathic system (SS). The aim of the study was to compare the degree of relaxation of the anterior part of the temporal muscles and the masseter muscles, achieved through the use of post-isometric relaxation and myofascial release methods in patients requiring prosthetic treatment due to temporomandibular joint disorders with a dominant muscular component. Sixty patients who met the inclusion criteria were alternately assigned to one of the two study groups, either group I—patients received post-isometric relaxation treatment (PIR), or group II—patients received myofascial release treatment (MR). The series of ten treatments were performed in both groups. The comparative assessment was based on physiotherapeutic examination, a surface electromyography (sEMG) of the anterior temporal and masseter muscles and the intensity of spontaneous masticatory muscle pain, assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). We observed a significant decrease in the electrical activity of examined muscles and a significant drop in the intensity of spontaneous pain in the masticatory muscles both in group I and II. There were no significant differences between groups. Both therapeutic methods may be used as successful forms of adjunctive therapy in the prosthetic treatment of TMD. The trial was registered with an international clinical trials register.

Global dissociation of the amygdala from the rest of the brain during REM sleep

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) or paradoxical sleep is associated with intense neuronal activity, fluctuations in autonomic control, body paralysis and brain-wide hyperemia. The mechanisms and functions of these energy-demanding patterns remain elusive and a global picture of brain activation during REMS is currently missing. In the present work, we performed functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging at the whole-brain scale during hundreds of REMS episodes to provide the spatiotemporal dynamics of vascular activity in 259 brain regions spanning more than 2/3 of the total brain volume. We first demonstrate a dissociation between basal/midbrain and cortical structures, the first ones sustaining tonic activation during REMS while the others are activated in phasic bouts. Second, we isolated the vascular compartment in our recordings and identified arteries in the anterior part of the brain as strongly involved in the blood supply during REMS episodes. Finally, we report a peculiar activation pattern in the amygdala, which is strikingly disconnected from the rest of the brain during most but not all REMS episodes. This last finding shows that amygdala undergoes specific processing during REMS and may be linked to the regulation of emotions and the creation of dream content during this very state.

Global dissociation of the amygdala from the rest of the brain during REM sleep

Rapid-eye-movement sleep (REMS) or paradoxical sleep is associated with intense neuronal activity, fluctuations in autonomic control, body paralysis and brain-wide hyperemia. The mechanisms and functions of these energy-demanding patterns remain elusive and a global picture of brain activation during REMS is currently missing. In the present work, we performed functional ultrasound (fUS) imaging at the whole-brain scale during hundreds of REMS episodes to provide the spatiotemporal dynamics of vascular activity in 259 brain regions spanning more than 2/3 of the total brain volume. We first demonstrate a dissociation between basal/midbrain and cortical structures, the first ones sustaining tonic activation during REMS while the others are activated in phasic bouts. Second, we isolated the vascular compartment in our recordings and identified arteries in the anterior part of the brain as strongly involved in the blood supply during REMS episodes. Finally, we report a peculiar activation pattern in the amygdala, which is strikingly disconnected from the rest of the brain during most but not all REMS episodes. This last finding shows that amygdala undergoes specific processing during REMS and may be linked to the regulation of emotions and the creation of dream content during this very state.

Dysplasia in Papilloma at the Tip of the Tongue; A Rare Entity-Importance of on Time Prevention

Background: Oral papilloma is benign lesion while there is concern about high-risk types of Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) for cancer. Case Presentation: The patient was a 30-year-old woman who presented to the School of Dentistry, Semnan University of Medical Sciences for orthodontic treatment. Intraoral examinations revealed a prominent white papule on the tip of the tongue. Histopathologic exanimation revealed the proliferation of hyper keratinized stratified squamous epithelium arranged in projections with fibrovascular connective tissue cores, cell irregularity with hyperchromatic nucleus and koilocytes within the epithelium which confirmed the diagnosis of squamous papilloma (SP) with mild to moderate dysplasia. The patient was instructed to take care of the sexual behaviors and the injection of Gardasil vaccine was recommended. A month later, there was no evidence of a lesion. Conclusion: Though SPs are common lesions in the oral cavity, occurrence of dysplasia on SPs on the anterior part of the mouth is rare. Surgical removal supplemented by administration of Gardasil vaccine can be the treatment of choice in these cases. The significance of close attention to the oral lesions and consultation with an Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine Specialist is highly recommended in order to accurate diagnosis and timely treatment.

Clinical outcome of selective amygdalectomy in a series of patients with resistant temporal lobe epilepsy

Background: Selective amygdalohippocampectomy is one of the main approaches for treating medial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). We herewith describe seven cases of amygdala lesions treated with selective amygdalectomy with the hippocampus saving procedure. Furthermore, we explain the trans-middle temporal gyrus transventricular approach for selective amygdalectomy. Methods: We studied patients with TLE who underwent selective amygdalectomy with hippocampal saving procedure between March 2012 and July 2018. We preferred the trans-middle temporal gyrus transventricular approach. We adopted pterional craniotomy with extensive exposure of the base and posterior of the temporal lobe. The posterior margin of resection in the intraventricular part of the amygdala was considered the inferior choroidal point. Medially anterior part of the uncus was resected until reaching the ambient cistern. We applied the transcortical transventricular approach for selective amygdalectomy in all patients. Results: We present 11 cases having an amygdala lesion in our series, seven of whom underwent selective amygdalectomy with hippocampal sparing. Nine patients had neoplastic lesions, and in two of them, gliosis was evident. Total resection of the lesion was achieved in all cases based on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging. No unusual complication or surgically-related new neurological deficit occurred. Conclusion: We consider the resection of the amygdala until the inferior choroidal point sufficient for the disconnection of its circuits, which results in more effective control of seizures and reduction of surgery time and complications.

Early Maxillary Dentoalveolar Changes in Children with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate After Palatal Repair: A Pilot Study

Objective To assess early maxillary dentoalveolar changes in children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) up to 6 months after palatoplasty. Design Pilot study. Patients and Participants Eight children with UCLP at the age of 18 to 30 months, who were awaiting palatal repair, were included. Interventions All participants with repaired lip were scheduled for palatal repair between 18 and 24 months by Bardach's technique. Main Outcome Measure(s) Arch widths, arch depths, and arch perimeter was measured on 32 dental casts of 8 participants at 4 time points: just prior to palatal repair (T1), 1 month (T2), 3 months (T3), and 6 months (T4) after palatal repair. Manual method using digital vernier caliper (Zhart, India) was used for model analysis. Intraexaminer reliability was also assessed. Results Only one examiner assessed all the dental casts after blinding. There was a significant decrease in the intercanine width (29.75 ± 1.98 mm at T1 to 26.42 ± 1.67 mm at T4; P < .001) and anterior arch depth (9.86 ± 1.07 mm at T1 to 8.29 ± 1.51 mm at T4; P < .001). Growth occurred in intertuberosity width (38.18 ± 1.40 mm at T1 to 39.76 ± 1.09 mm at T4; P < .001) and total arch depth (24.36 ± 1.21 mm at T1 to 26.79 ± 1.04 mm; P < .001) over 6 months post-surgery. Conclusions There was growth restriction in the anterior part of the palate, whereas the posterior region continued to grow after palatal repair. These changes were observable even in the early months after palatoplasty.