scholarly journals Life without a brain: Neuroradiological and behavioral evidence of neuroplasticity necessary to sustain brain function in the face of severe hydrocephalus

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. F. Ferris ◽  
X. Cai ◽  
J. Qiao ◽  
B. Switzer ◽  
J. Baun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Bold Mri ◽  
The Face ◽  
Behavioral Evidence ◽  
Severe Hydrocephalus ◽  
Bare Minimum

Abstract A two-year old rat, R222, survived a life-time of extreme hydrocephaly affecting the size and organization of its brain. Much of the cortex was severely thinned and replaced by cerebrospinal fluid, yet R222 had normal motor function, could hear, see, smell, and respond to tactile stimulation. The hippocampus was malformed and compressed into the lower hindbrain together with the hypothalamus midbrain and pons, yet R222 showed normal spatial memory as compared to age-matched controls. BOLD MRI was used to study the reorganization of R222’s brain function showing global activation to visual, olfactory and tactile stimulation, particularly in the brainstem/cerebellum. The results are discussed in the context of neuroadaptation in the face of severe hydrocephaly and subsequent tissue loss, with an emphasis on what is the “bare minimum” for survival.

Dopaminergic brain function in neuropediatric patients: Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
M. Molero ◽  
M. Serrano ◽  
A. Ormazabal ◽  
C. Ortez ◽  
R. Artuch
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Homovanillic Acid

scholarly journals Staging Alzheimer’s Disease Risk by Sequencing Brain Function and Structure, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Cognition Biomarkers

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 983-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyu Chen ◽  
Hao Shu ◽  
Gang Chen ◽  
B. Douglas Ward ◽  
Piero G. Antuono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Disease Risk

scholarly journals Information processing in miniature brains

2011 ◽  
Vol 278 (1707) ◽  
pp. 885-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Chittka ◽  
P. Skorupski
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
The Face ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Sheer Size ◽  
Neural Underpinnings ◽  
Benefits And Costs

Since a comprehensive understanding of brain function and evolution in vertebrates is often hobbled by the sheer size of the nervous system, as well as ethical concerns, major research efforts have been made to understand the neural circuitry underpinning behaviour and cognition in invertebrates, and its costs and benefits under natural conditions. This special feature of Proceedings of the Royal Society B contains an idiosyncratic range of current research perspectives on neural underpinnings and adaptive benefits (and costs) of such diverse phenomena as spatial memory, colour vision, attention, spontaneous behaviour initiation, memory dynamics, relational rule learning and sleep, in a range of animals from marine invertebrates with exquisitely simple nervous systems to social insects forming societies with many thousands of individuals working together as a ‘superorganism’. This introduction provides context and history to tie the various approaches together, and concludes that there is an urgent need to understand the full neuron-to-neuron circuitry underlying various forms of information processing—not just to explore brain function comprehensively, but also to understand how (and how easily) cognitive capacities might evolve in the face of pertinent selection pressures. In the invertebrates, reaching these goals is becoming increasingly realistic.

Tactile Communication Between Ewe and Lamb and the Onset of Suckling

Behaviour ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 156-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Vince
Keyword(s):  
Tactile Stimulation ◽  
Mouth Opening ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Tactile Communication ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Face ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Natural Situation

AbstractA series of experiments shows (1) that the effects of tactile stimulation produced by covering the face and eyes of an unsuckled Clun Forest or Soay lamb elicits a vigorous response which includes elements such as tilting up of the muzzle, lengthening of the neck, munching, mouth opening, curling back of the upper lip in the sucking position, tongue protrusion and apparent reaching and grasping movements of the lower jaw, upper and lower lips and the tongue (2) that these movements are directional in that the neck, head, lower jaw, lips and tongue are usually turned towards the stimulus (3) that before the lamb has attained a standing posture this response appears only weakly and may be replaced by a downward head movement; also it is weakened or disappears after the lamb has sucked (4) a similar response can be elicited by a visual stimulus only more slowly and in a less vigorous form. In Soay, but not in Clun Forest, lambs the response to touch was maintained for longer when the eyes were covered, than when the lambs were able to see (5) touch on the belly of the dam, simulating that produced by a lamb pushing its muzzle up against her, causes her to arch her back upwards, while touch nearer to or on the udder, or in the inguinal area, but not on the back of the udder, is associated with lowering of the tail and an outward movement of the hind leg which exposes the teat. The findings are considered in their relation to the natural situation immediately after birth of the lamb when the interchange of different types of tactile and other sensory stimulation gradually brings both partners into a situation in which the lamb can grasp the teat and suck.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Cracker (Fire Works) Injuries in a Tertiary Burn Care Centre

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Rajeswari ◽  
B. Shankari ◽  
Angeline Selvaraj
Keyword(s):  
Hand Function ◽  
Burn Injuries ◽  
Tissue Loss ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Multiple Fractures ◽  
Burn Wounds ◽  
Burn Care ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Function Loss ◽  
The Face

<div><p><em>Fireworks related burns are one of the causes of recurring incidences of burn injuries every year during festivals. Sporadic events are reported in family and communal celebrations / temple festivals and in funerals. These burns are different from other burns as the burn percentage is not the major burden,  but the increasing number of patients with cracker burn injuries with loss of hand function, loss of vision and at times blast injury of the face with major tissue loss and multiple fractures (shattered tissues), which are challenging for the reconstructive surgeon, are major concern. The vulnerable groups are innocent children who sustain injuries due to ignorance, negligence and lack of supervision. These fire cracker burn wounds are to be classified separately as the wounds are more like traumatic wounds than burn wounds. They are also associated with more morbidity than mortality.<sup>(1,2,3)</sup></em></p><p><em> The management of these wound is multidisciplinary, with involvement of various specialists like paediatricians, ophthalmologists, psychiatrists, orthopaedic surgeons and specialists in rehabilitative medicine along with plastic and reconstructive surgeons.Reconstruction of blast hand and face needs multiple surgeries and prolonged period of physiotherapy and rehabilitation. The effective and appropriate decision made in the acute phase is important to reduce their morbidity.<sup>(4)</sup></em></p></div>

Neuroscience at the Intersection of Mind and Brain

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Health Practice ◽  
The Face ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
Mind And Brain ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain Connections

This book makes complicated concepts and findings in modern neuroscience accessible to anyone with an interest in how the brain works. It explains in detail how every experience we have from the moment we are conceived changes our brains. Finally, it advances the idea that psychotherapy is a type of life experience that alters brain function and corrects aberrant brain connections. The chapters explore what makes our brains different from our nearest genetic neighbors; how life’s experiences affect the way genes in the brain are expressed and neurons connect with each other; why connections between different parts of the brain are important in both health and disease; what happens in the brains of animals and humans in the face of sudden fear, in depression, or when falling in love; and how medications and psychotherapies work. The book is based on cutting-edge research in neuroscience, psychiatry, and psychology and includes references to the scientific literature. Written by an author who studied human behavior and brain function for three decades, it is presented in a highly accessible manner, full of personal anecdotes and observations, and it touches on many of the controversies in contemporary mental health practice.

scholarly journals Assessment of the Central Effects of Natural UraniumviaBehavioural Performances and the Cerebrospinal Fluid Metabolome

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lestaevel ◽  
S. Grison ◽  
G. Favé ◽  
C. Elie ◽  
B. Dhieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Spatial Working Memory ◽  
Natural Uranium ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Control

Natural uranium (NU), a component of the earth’s crust, is not only a heavy metal but also an alpha particle emitter, with chemical and radiological toxicity. Populations may therefore be chronically exposed to NU through drinking water and food. Since the central nervous system is known to be sensitive to pollutants during its development, we assessed the effects on the behaviour and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolome of rats exposed for 9 months from birth to NUvialactation and drinking water (1.5, 10, or 40 mg·L−1for male rats and 40 mg·L−1for female rats). Medium-term memory decreased in comparison to controls in male rats exposed to 1.5, 10, or 40 mg·L−1NU. In male rats, spatial working memory and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour were only altered by exposure to 40 mg·L−1NU and any significant effect was observed on locomotor activity. In female rats exposed to NU, only locomotor activity was significantly increased in comparison with controls. LC-MS metabolomics of CSF discriminated the fingerprints of the male and/or female NU-exposed and control groups. This study suggests that exposure to environmental doses of NU from development to adulthood can have an impact on rat brain function.

scholarly journals Christ in the Works of Two Jewish Artists: When Art is Interreligious Dialogue

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina S. Hayman
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Marc Chagall ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
The Face ◽  
Primitive Forms ◽  
Relationship Of

Painter Marc Chagall and sculptor Jacob Epstein, both of whom were from orthodox Jewish backgrounds, each created a number of works of Christ. Although in Epstein's case, and only later in his career, some of these works were commissioned, both Chagall's and Epstein's works of Christ were self-driven. Chagall described himself as having been "haunted" by the face of Christ in his early years and his several crucifixion paintings were of a Jesus who was not the Christ of Christian dogma, but a "Jewish Jesus" who summed up the suffering of the Jewish people. Epstein similarly created a Christ that was beyond the conventions of the time, through his predilection for using primitive forms in his work. During his life-time, many of Epstein's Christs were met with resistance, but the more visionary critics understood the importance of his work in freeing the image of Christ from the matrix of convention and opening new possibilities of theological perception and understanding. The work of both Chagall and Epstein, who were contemporaries, is examined in relation to Jewish modernism, a movement ongoing in their formative years and before, in which Jewish intellectuals, writers and artists were engaged in efforts to work-out the relationship of Judaism to Jesus and the surrounding Christian world. The atrocities of the Holocaust effectively ended this dialogue. The potential contributions of the thought and creative works of this pre-World War II interreligious interchange to contemporary Jewish-Christian dialogue are discussed.

Trauma-triggered migraine: an explanation for common neurological attacks after mild head injury

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Haas ◽  
Herbert Lourie
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Mild Head Injury ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
Fine Print

✓ This paper reviews the literature on complex temporary disturbances of brain function triggered by mild blows to the head in children, adolescents, and young adults. It consolidates the evidence by which these attacks have been identified as classical or complicated migraines, and provides a historical account of the descriptions and proffered explanations of these attacks. The clinical features and the electroencephalography, angiography, computerized tomography, and cerebrospinal fluid findings of trauma-induced migraine are presented and compared to those of spontaneous migraine. Ideas about the pathogenesis of this condition are related to current thinking on the neurological phenomena of migraine in general.

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