scholarly journals Application of an abstract concept across magnitude dimensions by fish

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Elena Miletto Petrazzini ◽  
Caroline H. Brennan
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Spatial Task ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Magnitude Processing ◽  
Numerical Discrimination ◽  
Relational Concepts ◽  
High Level ◽  
Cognitive Sophistication

Abstract Mastering relational concepts and applying them to different contexts presupposes abstraction capacities and implies a high level of cognitive sophistication. One way to investigate extrapolative abilities is to assess cross-dimensional application of an abstract relational magnitude rule to new domains. Here we show that angelfish initially trained to choose either the shorter of two lines in a spatial task (line-length discrimination task) or the array with “fewer” items (numerical discrimination task) spontaneously transferred the learnt rule to novel stimuli belonging to the previously unseen dimension demonstrating knowledge of the abstract concept of “smaller”. Our finding challenges the idea that the ability to master abstract magnitude concepts across domains is unique to humans and suggests that the circuits involved in rule learning and magnitude processing might be evolutionary conserved.

Probabilistic Rule Learning Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Abdus Salam ◽  
Rolf Schwitter ◽  
Mehmet A. Orgun
Keyword(s):  
Probability Theory ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
Background Knowledge ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Probabilistic Rule ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
High Level

This survey provides an overview of rule learning systems that can learn the structure of probabilistic rules for uncertain domains. These systems are very useful in such domains because they can be trained with a small amount of positive and negative examples, use declarative representations of background knowledge, and combine efficient high-level reasoning with the probability theory. The output of these systems are probabilistic rules that are easy to understand by humans, since the conditions for consequences lead to predictions that become transparent and interpretable. This survey focuses on representational approaches and system architectures, and suggests future research directions.

Oddity and Discrimination Learning after Pretraining on a Nonrepeated Oddity Task

1983 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Sugimura
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Learning ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Oddity Task ◽  
Oddity Learning ◽  
High Level

128 kindergarten children learned an oddity task with no repeated stimuli until they reached one of the three criteria of 4/4, 8/8, and 8/8 + 20 correct responses, and then they were given either an oddity task with repeated stimuli or a discrimination task. With increasing numbers of pretraining trials, the repeated oddity learning became significantly easier but ease of the discrimination learning did not change significantly. These findings were interpreted as showing that attention to relational cues increased to a high level through learning the nonrepeated oddity task, whereas attention to absolute cues remained at almost the same level as in the control group with no pretraining.

scholarly journals IS SPACE AN ABSTRACT CONCEPT OR MATERIAL REALITY?

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Владимир Михайлович Самсонов ◽  
Евгений Кузьмич Петров
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Deformable Medium ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Space And Time ◽  
Material Reality ◽  
Relational Concepts

Представлен критический анализ различных вариантов субстанциальной и реляционной концепций пространства. Предложена собственная концепция пространства, названная абстрактно-математической или реляционной в широком смысле. В соответствии с этой концепцией все другие, адекватные, на наш взгляд, концепции, включая эмпирические и геометрические, сознательно или интуитивно «привязаны» к некоторому множеству, между элементами которого заданы определенные отношения, например метрические. Сделан и обоснован вывод о том, что интерпретации пространства как некоторой материальной или нематериальной деформируемой среды являются физически неадекватными. A critical analysis is presented of various variants of the substantial and relational concepts of space and time. Our own concept of space, called abstract-mathematical or relational in a broad sense, is proposed. In accordance with this concept, all other adequate, in our opinion, ones, including empirical and geometric, are consciously or intuitively «tied» to a certain set, between the elements of which some relations are prescribed, for example metric ones. A conclusion is made and substantiated that any interpretation of space as some material or non-material deformable medium is physically inadequate.

scholarly journals Analisis Tahapan dalam Belajar Konsep

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noviani Tarigan ◽  
Neviyarni Neviyarni
Keyword(s):  
Concept Learning ◽  
Rule Learning ◽  
The Other ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
General Properties ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Single Response

Abstract: Concept learning refers to any activity in which learners must classify two or more somewhat different events or objects into one category, concept learning includes learning to make general responses to a group of stimuli that have some of the same features or properties. Concept refers to a set of features or attributes of one or more general properties connected by a rule. Learning concepts on the other hand includes learning a single response to two or more stimuli which is a comparison between stimulus and response. Concept learning requires that learners come to respond to features that are relevant to the concept and ignore features that are not relevant in classifying events. Indonesian Abstract: Pembelajaran konsep mengacu pada setiap aktivitas di mana peserta didik harus mengklasifikasikan dua atau lebih peristiwa atau objek yang agak berbeda ke dalam satu kategori, pembelajaran konsep mencakup pembelajaran untuk membuat tanggapan umum terhadap sekelompok rangsangan yang memiliki beberapa fitur atau sifat yang sama. Konsep mengacu pada sekumpulan fitur atau atribut dari satu atau lebih properti umum yang dihubungkan oleh suatu aturan. Konsep pembelajaran di sisi lain mencakup pembelajaran respons tunggal terhadap dua atau lebih rangsangan yang merupakan perbandingan antara rangsangan dan tanggapan. Pembelajaran konsep mengharuskan peserta didik datang untuk menanggapi fitur yang relevan dengan konsep dan mengabaikan fitur yang tidak relevan dalam mengklasifikasikan peristiwa.

Metro Service Delay Recovery

2005 ◽  
Vol 1930 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Dirk Schmöcker ◽  
Shoshana Cooper ◽  
William Adeney
Keyword(s):  
Line Length ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Service Delay ◽  
Major Incidents ◽  
Slow Moving ◽  
High Level ◽  
The Impact

This study was conducted to identify the strategies used by operators to provide a high level of service. The research distinguishes between punctuality and regularity of service and proposes that metro passengers primarily value regularity. The focus of this research is not on incident prevention, but on strategies that can be implemented after an incident to restore service swiftly and to minimize delay. The research identifies the recovery strategies used by six metros and summarizes advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. The influence of the type of delay on the choice of strategy is described. Similarly, the impact of constraints such as line length, service frequency, and passenger crowding on the effectiveness of each strategy is also discussed. It was found that it was generally sufficient to distinguish minor incidents, slow-moving delays, and major incidents. A case study shows that those metros with higher inbuilt flexibility can return more easily to normal service. This finding will have implications for metro management. The research has been carried out by the Railway Technology Strategy Centre at Imperial College London in collaboration with the Community of Metros benchmarking group. The performances and service qualities of six metros (three European, two American, and one Asian) have been analyzed and compared. The study consists of a quantitative analysis of the performance of two lines from each metro, together with a more qualitative assessment of the strategies used to optimize performance, through structured interviews with key operational and managerial staff.

scholarly journals Notions of computation as monoids

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
EXEQUIEL RIVAS ◽  
MAURO JASKELIOFF
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Monoidal Categories ◽  
Free Monoids ◽  
High Level

AbstractThere are different notions of computation, the most popular being monads, applicative functors, and arrows. In this article, we show that these three notions can be seen as instances of a unifying abstract concept: monoids in monoidal categories. We demonstrate that even when working at this high level of generality, one can obtain useful results. In particular, we give conditions under which one can obtain free monoids and Cayley representations at the level of monoidal categories, and we show that their concretisation results in useful constructions for monads, applicative functors, and arrows. Moreover, by taking advantage of the uniform presentation of the three notions of computation, we introduce a principled approach to the analysis of the relation between them.

Experimental setting affects the performance of guppies in a numerical discrimination task

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elia Gatto ◽  
Tyrone Lucon-Xiccato ◽  
Beste Başak Savaşçı ◽  
Marco Dadda ◽  
Angelo Bisazza
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Numerical Discrimination

Preschoolers' Magnitude Comparisons are Mediated by a Preverbal Analog Mechanism

2000 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Huntley-Fenner ◽  
Erin Cannon
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Magnitude Representation ◽  
Magnitude Comparison ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Numerical Discrimination ◽  
Adults And Children ◽  
Analog Models

We report a study of 3- to 5-year-olds who performed a magnitude-comparison task. Stimuli were a series of pairs of arrays that sometimes differed in numerosity, and the children were asked to point to the more numerous array in each pair. The proportion of accurate responses was above chance for all age groups. However, error patterns were consistent with analog models of magnitude representation. Errors varied systematically with the ratio of stimulus pairs. Items with a 2:3 ratio were harder than items with a 1:2 ratio. Performance on posttests of verbal counting ability was variable, but did not predict performance on the numerical discrimination task. We argue that neither verbal counting nor nonnumerical perceptual strategies can explain these results. This study supports the hypothesis that adults and children share preverbal, analog representations of magnitude.

scholarly journals Masking in a high-level gender discrimination task is essentially entirely pre-cortical

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 546-546
Author(s):  
S. J. Thorpe ◽  
S. M. Crouzet ◽  
M. J. M. Mace ◽  
N. Bacon-Mace ◽  
M. Fabre-Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
High Level

Startle and Reward-Based Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-486
Author(s):  
Harvard L. Armus
Keyword(s):  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Startle Reaction ◽  
Acoustic Startle Reaction ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
High Level

Using 30 male rats in a within-subjects design, the hypothesis was tested that avoidance-avoidance conflict based on the omission of food reward in a two-choice discrimination task would result in a more intense acoustic startle reaction than would the absence of such conflict. To maintain a high level of conflict, training days were interspersed between test days. Data showed no differences between conflict and nonconflict conditions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document