scholarly journals Rapid phenotypic change in a polymorphic salamander over 43 years

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maggie M. Hantak ◽  
Nicholas A. Federico ◽  
David C. Blackburn ◽  
Robert P. Guralnick
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Museum Specimens ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
Morph Frequency

AbstractColor polymorphic animals offer a unique system for studying intraspecific phenotypic responses to climate change. Discrete color morphs are easy to identify, and correlated trait responses of morphs can indicate how climate warming may facilitate long-term maintenance of polymorphisms. We use a historical dataset spanning 43 years to examine temporal shifts in color morph frequency and body size in response to climate in the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, which contains a widespread striped/unstriped color polymorphism. We created a pipeline to extract high-throughput trait data from fluid-preserved museum specimens where we batch-photographed salamanders, de-aggregated individual specimens from photographs, and solicited help of community scientists to score color morphs. We used a linear modeling framework that includes information about spatial population structure to demonstrate that color morph frequency and body size vary in response to climate, elevation, and over time, with an overall trend of higher frequency and decreased body size of the striped morph, but increased size of the unstriped morph. These surprising results suggest that morphs may be responding to multiple climate and geographic drivers through co-adapted morphological changes. This work highlights new practices of extracting trait data from museum specimens to demonstrate species phenotypes response to climate change.

scholarly journals Shared morphological consequences of global warming in North American migratory birds

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian C. Weeks ◽  
David E. Willard ◽  
Aspen A. Ellis ◽  
Max L. Witynski ◽  
Mary Hennen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Size ◽  
North American ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Migratory Birds ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Migratory Bird ◽  
General Response

ABSTRACTIncreasing temperatures associated with climate change are predicted to cause reductions in body size, a key determinant of animal physiology and ecology. Using a four-decade specimen series of 70,716 individuals of 52 North American migratory bird species, we demonstrate that increasing annual summer temperature over the 40-year period drove consistent reductions in body size across these diverse taxa. Concurrently, wing length – which impacts nearly all aspects of avian ecology and behavior – has consistently increased across taxa. Our findings suggest that warming-induced body size reduction is a general response to climate change, and reveal a similarly consistent shift in an ecologically-important dimension of body shape. We hypothesize that increasing wing length represents a compensatory adaptation to maintain migration as reductions in body size have increased the metabolic cost of flight. An improved understanding of warming-induced morphological changes, and their limits, are important for predicting biotic responses to global change.

Safety in numbers: How color morph frequency affects predation risk in an aposematic moth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swanne Gordon ◽  
Emily Burdfield-Steel ◽  
Jimi Kirvesoja ◽  
Johanna Mappes
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Safety In Numbers ◽  
Morph Frequency

scholarly journals The importance of species interactions in eco-evolutionary community dynamics under climate change

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Åkesson ◽  
Alva Curtsdotter ◽  
Anna Eklöf ◽  
Bo Ebenman ◽  
Jon Norberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Impact Of Climate Change ◽  
The Impact

AbstractEco-evolutionary dynamics are essential in shaping the biological response of communities to ongoing climate change. Here we develop a spatially explicit eco-evolutionary framework which features more detailed species interactions, integrating evolution and dispersal. We include species interactions within and between trophic levels, and additionally, we incorporate the feature that species’ interspecific competition might change due to increasing temperatures and affect the impact of climate change on ecological communities. Our modeling framework captures previously reported ecological responses to climate change, and also reveals two key results. First, interactions between trophic levels as well as temperature-dependent competition within a trophic level mitigate the negative impact of climate change on biodiversity, emphasizing the importance of understanding biotic interactions in shaping climate change impact. Second, our trait-based perspective reveals a strong positive relationship between the within-community variation in preferred temperatures and the capacity to respond to climate change. Temperature-dependent competition consistently results both in higher trait variation and more responsive communities to altered climatic conditions. Our study demonstrates the importance of species interactions in an eco-evolutionary setting, further expanding our knowledge of the interplay between ecological and evolutionary processes.

Modeling the response of non-perennial streams to climate change impact: The Bouregreg watershed in Morocco

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria De Girolamo ◽  
Youssef Brouziyne ◽  
Lahcen Benaabidate ◽  
Aziz Aboubdillah ◽  
Ali El Bilali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Swat Model ◽  
Circulation Model ◽  
Hybrid Modeling ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Global Circulation Model ◽  
Stream Network ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Modeling Approach

<p>The non-perennial streams and rivers are predominant in the Mediterranean region and play an important ecological role in the ecosystem diversity in this region. This class of streams is particularly vulnerable to climate change effects that are expected to amplify further under most climatic projections. Understanding the potential response of the hydrologic regime attributes to climatic stress helps in planning better conservation and management strategies. Bouregreg watershed (BW) in Morocco, is a strategic watershed for the region with a developed non-perennial stream network, and with typical assets and challenges of most Mediterranean watersheds. In this study, a hybrid modeling approach, based on the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and Indicator of Hydrologic Alteration (IHA) program, was used to simulate the response of BW's stream network to climate change during the period: 2035-2050. Downscaled daily climate data from the global circulation model CNRM-CM5 were used to force the hybrid modeling framework over the study area. Results showed that, under the changing climate, the magnitude of the alteration will be different across the stream network; however, almost the entire flow regime attributes will be affected. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the average number of zero-flow days will rise up from 3 to 17.5 days per year in some streams, the timing of the maximum flow was calculated to occur earlier by 17 days than in baseline, and the timing of the minimal flow should occur later by 170 days in some streams. The used modeling approach in this study contributed in identifying the most vulnerable streams in the BW to climate change for potential prioritization in conservation plans.</p>

scholarly journals Kernel Regression Imputation in Manifolds via Bi-Linear Modeling: The Dynamic-MRI Case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Slavakis ◽  
Gaurav Shetty ◽  
Loris Cannelli ◽  
Gesualdo Scutari ◽  
Ukash Nakarmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproducing Kernel ◽  
Kernel Regression ◽  
Dynamic Mri ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Training Data ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Geometric Information ◽  
Regression Imputation

This paper introduces a non-parametric kernel-based modeling framework for imputation by regression on data that are assumed to lie close to an unknown-to-the-user smooth manifold in a Euclidean space. The proposed framework, coined kernel regression imputation in manifolds (KRIM), needs no training data to operate. Aiming at computationally efficient solutions, KRIM utilizes a small number of ``landmark'' data-points to extract geometric information from the measured data via parsimonious affine combinations (``linear patches''), which mimic the concept of tangent spaces to smooth manifolds and take place in functional approximation spaces, namely reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHSs). Multiple complex RKHSs are combined in a data-driven way to surmount the obstacle of pin-pointing the ``optimal'' parameters of a single kernel through cross-validation. The extracted geometric information is incorporated into the design via a novel bi-linear data-approximation model, and the imputation-by-regression task takes the form of an inverse problem which is solved by an iterative algorithm with guaranteed convergence to a stationary point of the non-convex loss function. To showcase the modular character and wide applicability of KRIM, this paper highlights the application of KRIM to dynamic magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), where reconstruction of high-resolution images from severely under-sampled dMRI data is desired. Extensive numerical tests on synthetic and real dMRI data demonstrate the superior performance of KRIM over state-of-the-art approaches under several metrics and with a small computational footprint.<br>

Phenotypic change from transformed to normal induced by benzoquinonoid ansamycins accompanies inactivation of p60src in rat kidney cells infected with Rous sarcoma virus

1986 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 2198-2206
Author(s):  
Y Uehara ◽  
M Hori ◽  
T Takeuchi ◽  
H Umezawa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Complex ◽  
Rous Sarcoma Virus ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Phenotypic Change ◽  
Permissive Temperature ◽  
Rous Sarcoma ◽  
Cell Extracts ◽  
Sarcoma Virus

Three benzenoid ansamycin antibiotics (herbimycin, macbecin, and geldanamycin) were found to reduce the intracellular phosphorylation of p60src at a permissive temperature (33 degrees C) in a rat kidney cell line infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant of Rous sarcoma virus. This effect was accompanied by morphological changes from the transformed to the normal phenotype. The filamentous staining pattern of actin fibers was observed in the cells treated with these antibiotics at 33 degrees C. Removal of the antibiotics allowed the cells to revert to the transformed morphology. Ansamitocin, another benzenoid ansamycin, and naphthalenoid ansamycins such as streptovaricin and rifamycins did not show this effect. Pulse-labeling of the antibiotic-treated cultures with 32Pi showed a marked reduction of 32P radioactivity incorporated into p60src. A parallel experiment with [35S]methionine showed that synthesis of p60src was slightly inhibited. The immune complex prepared by mixing the herbimycin-treated cell extracts with antibody against p60src was inactive in vitro in phosphorylating the complex itself. On the contrary, the immune complex derived from untreated cells was active in vitro even in the presence of the antibiotics. These results suggest that benzoquinonoid ansamycins have no direct effect on src kinase but destroy its intracellular environment, resulting in an irreversible alteration of p60src and loss of catalytic activity.

Is body size of the water frog Rana esculenta complex responding to climate change?

2006 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Tryjanowski ◽  
Tim Sparks ◽  
Mariusz Rybacki ◽  
Leszek Berger
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Rana Esculenta ◽  
Water Frog ◽  
Rana Esculenta Complex

Effective Breeding Size and the Adaptive Significance of color Polymorphism in the Cricket Frog (Acris crepitans) in Illinois, U. S. A.

1984 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Color Polymorphism ◽  
Adaptive Significance ◽  
Population Characteristics ◽  
Color Morph ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Acris Crepitans ◽  
Color Morphs ◽  
Population Breeding ◽  
Cricket Frog

A three year field study was conducted to investigate the adaptive significance of color polymorphism in the cricket frog, Acris crepitans, in Illinois, U. S. A. Effective population breeding sizes were determined at seven different locations. Population characteristics in Illinois were compared with those from Texas. The three color morphs appear to be of equal survival value for cricket frogs in Illinois. Although strong selection may occur in Texas, small effective breeding sizes suggest that chance plays a major role in determining color morph frequencies in Illinois.

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