scholarly journals Suppression of top-down influence decreases neuronal excitability and contrast sensitivity in the V1 cortex of cat

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Ding ◽  
Xiangmei Hu ◽  
Fei Xu ◽  
Hao Yu ◽  
Zheng Ye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Maximum Response ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
Evoked Field Potentials ◽  
Baseline Response ◽  
V1 Cortex

AbstractHow top-down influence affects neuronal activity and information encoding in the primary visual cortex (V1) remains elusive. This study examined changes of neuronal excitability and contrast sensitivity in cat V1 cortex after top-down influence of area 7 (A7) was modulated by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). The neuronal excitability in V1 cortex was evaluated by visually evoked field potentials (VEPs), and contrast sensitivity (CS) was assessed by the inverse of threshold contrast of neurons in response to visual stimuli at different performance accuracy. We found that the amplitude of VEPs in V1 cortex lowered after top-down influence suppression with cathode-tDCS in A7, whereas VEPs in V1 did not change after sham-tDCS in A7 and nonvisual cortical area 5 (A5) or cathode-tDCS in A5 and lesioned A7. Moreover, the mean CS of V1 neurons decreased after cathode-tDCS but not sham-tDCS in A7, which could recover after tDCS effect vanished. Comparisons of neuronal contrast-response functions showed that cathode-tDCS increased the stimulus contrast required to generate the half-maximum response, with a weakly-correlated reduction in maximum response but not baseline response. Therefore, top-down influence of A7 enhanced neuronal excitability in V1 cortex and improved neuronal contrast sensitivity by both contrast gain and response gain.

scholarly journals Layer-dependent multiplicative effects of spatial attention on contrast responses in human early visual cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanhua Guo ◽  
Chengwen Liu ◽  
Chencan Qian ◽  
Zihao Zhang ◽  
Kaibao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Spatial Attention ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Additive Effect ◽  
List Type ◽  
Strong Nonlinearity ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Deep Layers

AbstractAttention mechanisms at different cortical layers of human visual cortex remain poorly understood. Using submillimeter-resolution fMRI at 7T, we investigated the effects of top-down spatial attention on the contrast responses across different cortical depths in human early visual cortex. Gradient echo (GE) T2* weighted BOLD signal showed an additive effect of attention on contrast responses across cortical depths. Compared to the middle cortical depth, attention modulation was stronger in the superficial and deep depths of V1, and also stronger in the superficial depth of V2 and V3. Using ultra-high resolution (0.3mm in-plane) balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) fMRI, a multiplicative scaling effect of attention was found in the superficial and deep layers, but not in the middle layer of V1. Attention modulation of low contrast response was strongest in the middle cortical depths, indicating baseline enhancement or contrast gain of attention modulation on feedforward input. Finally, the additive effect of attention on T2* BOLD can be explained by strong nonlinearity of BOLD signals from large blood vessels, suggesting multiplicative effect of attention on neural activity. These findings support that top-down spatial attention mainly operates through feedback connections from higher order cortical areas, and a distinct mechanism of attention may also be associated with feedforward input through subcortical pathway.HighlightsResponse or activity gain of spatial attention in superficial and deep layersContrast gain or baseline shift of attention in V1 middle layerNonlinearity of large blood vessel causes additive effect of attention on T2* BOLD

scholarly journals Muscarinic and Nicotinic Contribution to Contrast Sensitivity of Macaque Area V1 Neurons

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose L. Herrero ◽  
Marc A. Gieselmann ◽  
Alexander Thiele
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
V1 Neurons

scholarly journals Increased Stimulus Expectancy Triggers Low-frequency Phase Reset during Restricted Vigilance

2015 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1811-1822 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanne ten Oever ◽  
Nienke van Atteveldt ◽  
Alexander T. Sack
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Excitability ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Phase Reset ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Detection Rates ◽  
Temporal Cues ◽  
Frequency Phase

Temporal cues can be used to selectively attend to relevant information during abundant sensory stimulation. However, such cues differ vastly in the accuracy of their temporal estimates, ranging from very predictable to very unpredictable. When cues are strongly predictable, attention may facilitate selective processing by aligning relevant incoming information to high neuronal excitability phases of ongoing low-frequency oscillations. However, top–down effects on ongoing oscillations when temporal cues have some predictability, but also contain temporal uncertainties, are unknown. Here, we experimentally created such a situation of mixed predictability and uncertainty: A target could occur within a limited time window after cue but was always unpredictable in exact timing. Crucially to assess top–down effects in such a mixed situation, we manipulated target probability. High target likelihood, compared with low likelihood, enhanced delta oscillations more strongly as measured by evoked power and intertrial coherence. Moreover, delta phase modulated detection rates for probable targets. The delta frequency range corresponds with half-a-period to the target occurrence window and therefore suggests that low-frequency phase reset is engaged to produce a long window of high excitability when event timing is uncertain within a restricted temporal window.

Response Facilitation From the “Suppressive” Receptive Field Surround of Macaque V1 Neurons

2007 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 2168-2181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Ichida ◽  
Lars Schwabe ◽  
Paul C. Bressloff ◽  
Alessandra Angelucci
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Recurrent Network ◽  
Neuronal Responses ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Feedback Model ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulus Suppression ◽  
Feedback Connections

In primary visual cortex (V1), neuronal responses to optimally oriented stimuli in the receptive field (RF) center are usually suppressed by iso-oriented stimuli in the RF surround. The mechanisms and pathways giving rise to surround modulation, a possible neural correlate of perceptual figure-ground segregation, are not yet identified. We previously proposed that highly divergent and fast-conducting top-down feedback connections are the substrate for fast modulation arising from the more distant regions of the surround. We have recently implemented this idea into a recurrent network model ( Schwabe et al. 2006 ). The purpose of this study was to test a crucial prediction of this feedback model, namely that the suppressive “far” surround of V1 neurons can be facilitatory under conditions that weakly activate neurons in the RF center. Using single-unit recordings in macaque V1, we found iso-orientation far-surround facilitation when the RF center was driven by a low-contrast stimulus and the far surround by a small annular stimulus. Suppression occurred when the center stimulus contrast or the size of the surround stimulus was increased. This suggests that center-surround interactions result from excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms of similar spatial extent, and that changes in the balance of local excitation and inhibition, induced by surround stimulation, determine whether facilitation or suppression occurs. In layer 4C, the main target of geniculocortical afferents, lacking long-range intra-cortical connections, far-surround facilitation was rare and large surround fields were absent. This strongly suggests that feedforward connections do not contribute to far-surround modulation and that the latter is generated by intra-cortical mechanisms, likely involving top-down feedback.

scholarly journals Gain control from beyond the classical receptive field in primate primary visual cortex

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEN S. WEBB ◽  
CHRIS J. TINSLEY ◽  
NICK E. BARRACLOUGH ◽  
AMANDA PARKER ◽  
ANDREW M. DERRINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
Retinal Eccentricity ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
Classical Receptive Field ◽  
Extrastriate Areas

Gain control is a salient feature of information processing throughout the visual system. Heeger (1991, 1992) described a mechanism that could underpin gain control in primary visual cortex (V1). According to this model, a neuron's response is normalized by dividing its output by the sum of a population of neurons, which are selective for orientations covering a broad range. Gain control in this scheme is manifested as a change in the semisaturation constant (contrast gain) of a V1 neuron. Here we examine how flanking and annular gratings of the same or orthogonal orientation to that preferred by a neuron presented beyond the receptive field modulate gain in V1 neurons in anesthetized marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). To characterize how gain was modulated by surround stimuli, the Michaelis–Menten equation was fitted to response versus contrast functions obtained under each stimulus condition. The modulation of gain by surround stimuli was modelled best as a divisive reduction in response gain. Response gain varied with the orientation of surround stimuli, but was reduced most when the orientation of a large annular grating beyond the classical receptive field matched the preferred orientation of neurons. The strength of surround suppression did not vary significantly with retinal eccentricity or laminar distribution. In the marmoset, as in macaques (Angelucci et al., 2002a, b), gain control over the sort of distances reported here (up to 10 deg) may be mediated by feedback from extrastriate areas.

scholarly journals Orbitofrontal control of visual cortex gain promotes visual associative learning

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dechen Liu ◽  
Juan Deng ◽  
Zhewei Zhang ◽  
Zhi-Yu Zhang ◽  
Yan-Gang Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Visual Task ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Relevant Stimulus ◽  
Top Down ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Chronic Activation

AbstractThe orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) encodes expected outcomes and plays a critical role in flexible, outcome-guided behavior. The OFC projects to primary visual cortex (V1), yet the function of this top-down projection is unclear. We find that optogenetic activation of OFC projection to V1 reduces the amplitude of V1 visual responses via the recruitment of local somatostatin-expressing (SST) interneurons. Using mice performing a Go/No-Go visual task, we show that the OFC projection to V1 mediates the outcome-expectancy modulation of V1 responses to the reward-irrelevant No-Go stimulus. Furthermore, V1-projecting OFC neurons reduce firing during expectation of reward. In addition, chronic optogenetic inactivation of OFC projection to V1 impairs, whereas chronic activation of SST interneurons in V1 improves the learning of Go/No-Go visual task, without affecting the immediate performance. Thus, OFC top-down projection to V1 is crucial to drive visual associative learning by modulating the response gain of V1 neurons to non-relevant stimulus.

scholarly journals Visually driven neuropil activity and information encoding in mouse area V1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sangkyun Lee ◽  
Jochen F. Meyer ◽  
Stelios M. Smirnakis
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Noise Correlation ◽  
Visual Responses ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Information Encoding ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Large Size ◽  
Correlation Strength

AbstractSpontaneous calcium fluorescence recorded from large cortical neuropil patches strongly correlates with the electro-corticogram, and is thought to arguably reflect primarily pre-synaptic inputs. Here we used in vivo 2-photon imaging with Oregon Green Bapta (OGB) to study neuropil visual responses to moving gratings in layer 2/3 of mouse area V1. We found neuropil responses to be more reliable and more strongly modulated than neighboring somatic activity. Furthermore, stimulus independent modulations in neuropil activity, i.e. noise correlations, were highly coherent across the cortical surface, up to distances of at least 200 μm. Pairwise neuropil-to-neuropil-patch noise correlation strength was much higher than cell-to-cell noise correlation strength and depended strongly on brain state, decreasing in quiet wakefulness relative to light anesthesia. The profile of neuropil noise correlation strength decreased gently with distance, dropping by ~12% at a distance of 200 μm. This was comparatively slower than the profile of cell-to-cell noise correlations, which dropped by ~30% at 200 μm. Interestingly, in spite of the “salt & pepper” organization of orientation and direction encoding across mouse V1 neurons, populations of neuropil patches, even of moderately large size (radius ~100μm), showed high accuracy for discriminating perpendicularly moving gratings commensurate to the accuracy of corresponding cell populations. These observations underscore the dynamic nature of the functional organization of neuropil activity.Conflict of InterestThe authors declare that no competing interests exist.

scholarly journals Contrast-dependent spatial frequency selectivity in macaque V1 neurons explained with tuned contrast gain control

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 43a
Author(s):  
Paul G Levy ◽  
Eero P Simoncelli ◽  
J. Anthony Movshon
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Frequency Selectivity ◽  
V1 Neurons ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
Contrast Gain Control
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