Chapter 2. Synchrotron X-ray Imaging Combined with Multiscale Modeling Applied to Biological Soft Tissues

2021 ◽  
pp. 34-60
Author(s):  
H. S. Gupta ◽  
E. Barbieri ◽  
S. R. Inamdar ◽  
J. Mo
Keyword(s):  
Multiscale Modeling ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging

Radiography of Soft Tissue of the Foot and Ankle with Diffraction Enhanced Imaging

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li ◽  
Zhong Zhong ◽  
Roy Lidtke ◽  
Klaus E. Kuettner ◽  
Charles Peterfy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Foot And Ankle ◽  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Diffraction Enhanced Imaging ◽  
High Contrast Imaging ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Calcified Tissues

Non-calcified tissues, including tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue and cartilage, are not visible, for any practical purposes, with conventional X-ray imaging. Therefore, any pathological changes in these tissues generally necessitate detection through magnetic resonance imaging or ultrasound technology. Until recently the development of an X-ray imaging technique that could detect both bone and soft tissues seemed unrealistic. However, the introduction of diffraction enhanced X-ray imaging (DEI) which is capable of rendering images with absorption, refraction and scatter rejection qualities has allowed detection of specific soft tissues based on small differences in tissue densities. Here we show for the first time that DEI allows high contrast imaging of soft tissues, including ligaments, tendons and adipose tissue, of the human foot and ankle. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 94(3): 315–322, 2004)

scholarly journals The potential application of dual-energy subtraction radiography for COVID-19 pneumonia imaging

2021 ◽  
pp. 20201384
Author(s):  
Brent van der Heyden
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Dual Energy ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Imaging Application ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
Energy Subtraction ◽  
Potential Use

X-ray imaging plays a crucial role in the confirmation of COVID-19 pneumonia. Chest X-ray radiography and CT are two major imaging techniques that are currently adopted in the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. However, dual-energy subtraction radiography is hardly discussed as potential COVID-19 imaging application. More advanced X-ray radiography equipment often supports dual-energy subtraction X-ray radiography. Dual-energy subtraction radiography enables the calculation of pseudo-radiographs, in which bones are removed and only soft-tissues are highlighted. In this commentary, the author would like to draw the attention to the potential use of dual-energy subtraction X-ray radiography (i.e. soft-tissue pseudo-radiography) for the assessment and the longitudinal follow-up of COVID-19 pneumonia.

Reconstruction of a 3D Mummy Portrait from Roman Egypt

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alf Linney ◽  
João Campos ◽  
Ghassan Alusi
Keyword(s):  
3D Reconstruction ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
School Teacher ◽  
Ct Scanning ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
X Ray ◽  
3D Data ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
The Face ◽  
X Ray Absorption

This chapter focuses on the reconstruction of the portrait mummy of Hermione, which was excavated in 1911. Hermione lived during the reign of the Roman emperor Tiberius and belonged to the Greek immigrants of ancient Egypt who were descendants of the soldiers who have fought Alexander the Great and the Ptolomies. Hermione is believed to have been a school teacher, as her coffin portrait bears the Greek inscription ‘Hermione grammatike’. To reconstruct the face of Hermione, x-ray imaging processes were first employed to gain vital information without moving the painted cartonnage and wrappings of the mummy. Computed tomography and CT scanning technology was also used to provide a measurement of the 3D distribution of x-ray absorption coefficients throughout the scanned volume. This more advanced form of scanning allowed for the creation of 3D reconstruction of the volume. For the 3D reconstruction of the face of Hermione, four methods were necessary. These were the acquisition of 3D data on what lies inside the wrappings, the 3D reconstruction of the skull, the reconstruction of the soft tissues over the skull, and the application of texture to the reconstructed facial surface.

scholarly journals Oral and Dental Spectral Image Database—ODSI-DB

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7246
Author(s):  
Joni Hyttinen ◽  
Pauli Fält ◽  
Heli Jäsberg ◽  
Arja Kullaa ◽  
Markku Hauta-Kasari
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Spectral Imaging ◽  
Image Database ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Spectral Image ◽  
Imaging Methods ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Imaging Setup

The most common imaging methods used in dentistry are X-ray imaging and RGB color photography. However, both imaging methods provide only a limited amount of information on the wavelength-dependent optical properties of the hard and soft tissues in the mouth. Spectral imaging, on the other hand, provides significantly more information on the medically relevant dental and oral features (e.g. caries, calculus, and gingivitis). Due to this, we constructed a spectral imaging setup and acquired 316 oral and dental reflectance spectral images, 215 of which are annotated by medical experts, of 30 human test subjects. Spectral images of the subjects’ faces and other areas of interest were captured, along with other medically relevant information (e.g., pulse and blood pressure). We collected these oral, dental, and face spectral images, their annotations and metadata into a publicly available database that we describe in this paper. This oral and dental spectral image database (ODSI-DB) provides a vast amount of data that can be used for developing, e.g., pattern recognition and machine vision applications for dentistry.

Radiographic X-ray Images Enhancement with Edge Preservation using Singular Value Decomposition

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 216-227
Author(s):  
Rajitha Bakthula ◽  
Suneeta Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Singular Values ◽  
Histogram Equalization ◽  
Singular Value ◽  
Background Suppression ◽  
Edge Preservation ◽  
Low Contrast ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Value Decomposition

Contrast enhancement is one of the important issues in Medical X-ray imaging since these image, in general, are of low contrast and luminance. In medical X-ray imaging system viewing the bone structure and soft tissues are important for better medical diagnosis. The accuracy of Medical diagnosis of a patient purely depends on the clarity of the image. Hence an X-ray image must be well enhanced at the same time edges must be preserved and highlighted while applying image pre-processing technique. This is a challenging task in literature. In literature many techniques had been proposed for improving the low contrast images in various applications like satellite images, medical images, etc. Standard methods include General Histogram Equalization (GHE), Local Histogram Equalization (LHE), AHE or CLACHE, Brightness Preserving Histogram Equalization (BBHE), etc. All these methods rely on histogram equalization on the entire image, might lead to loss of edge information. Since Soft-Tissues and bone pixels have similar values, global equalization methods might fail. So to resolve these challenges, this paper presents a new method using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for image enhancement and also improves the edge quality. Proposed method works in two phases: background suppression and foreground enhancement. The proposed method decomposes the x-ray image using SVD and extracts the singular values of the image (which represents the order of luminance in the image). These singular values are further analyzed to identify the highly dominating singular values and are used for background suppression. Later the foregrounds, i.e., the bone pixels are enhanced through histogram equalization. Advantage of the proposed method is shown experimentally using various images like a hand, pelvic, skull and chest of a human. As standard matrices, PSNR, SNR, and Entropy focus on complete enhanced image (i.e., foreground and background) might fail to justify the improvement in enhancement. Thus, in this paper performance is evaluated using standard texture metrics: homogeneity, contrast, entropy, mean and standard deviation. Results of the proposed method are compared with standard literature methods like AHE, CLACHE, MMBEBH, and BHE. The proposed method has shown the better results with highest homogeneity (0.88), lowest contrast (0.32), highest correlation (0.97), and highest energy (0.21). Edge preservation accuracy is also highest (i.e., 0.98%) in comparison to literature methods.

Xeroradiographic Evaluation of Murine Osteosarcoma

1977 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-345
Author(s):  
Renato Nessi ◽  
Fernando Giuliani
Keyword(s):  
Image Enhancement ◽  
Bone Tumors ◽  
Radiation Dosage ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Tumor Evolution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Murine Osteosarcoma ◽  
Evolution With Time

Xeroradiography, a method of X-ray imaging based upon selenium photoconductivity, was used for the study of experimental osteosarcoma induced by MSV-M virus in rats. Due to the peculiar features of xeroradiographic image (enhancement of details and lowering of the overall contrast) good pictures of osseous structures together with soft tissues were obtained even in very young animals. Serially performed xeroradiographies gave a permanent representation of tumor evolution with time. Advantages and drawbacks of this method are discussed, particularly with respect to radiation dosage. Xeroradiography is proposed for the study of the response to antiblastic chemotherapy of experimental bone tumors.

Defects of Platelet Function Recognized by X-Ray Imaging and Scanning Electron Microscopy

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 610-613
Author(s):  
M.G. Baldini ◽  
S. Morinaga ◽  
D. Minasian ◽  
R. Feder ◽  
D. Sayre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Imaging Technique ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Complex Phenomena ◽  
Scanning Electron

Contact X-ray imaging is presently developing as an important imaging technique in cell biology. Our recent studies on human platelets have demonstrated that the cytoskeleton of these cells contains photondense structures which can preferentially be imaged by soft X-ray imaging. Our present research has dealt with platelet activation, i.e., the complex phenomena which precede platelet appregation and are associated with profound changes in platelet cytoskeleton. Human platelets suspended in plasma were used. Whole cell mounts were fixed and dehydrated, then exposed to a stationary source of soft X-rays as previously described. Developed replicas and respective grids were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Designing high-resolution slow scan CCD-based TEM camera systems

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 946-947
Author(s):  
James F. Mancuso ◽  
William B. Maxwell ◽  
Russell E. Camp ◽  
Mark H. Ellisman
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Ccd Camera ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Phosphor Layer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Light Production ◽  
Camera Systems ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Electron Image ◽  
Scintillating Fiber

The imaging requirements for 1000 line CCD camera systems include resolution, sensitivity, and field of view. In electronic camera systems these characteristics are determined primarily by the performance of the electro-optic interface. This component converts the electron image into a light image which is ultimately received by a camera sensor.Light production in the interface occurs when high energy electrons strike a phosphor or scintillator. Resolution is limited by electron scattering and absorption. For a constant resolution, more energy deposition occurs in denser phosphors (Figure 1). In this respect, high density x-ray phosphors such as Gd2O2S are better than ZnS based cathode ray tube phosphors. Scintillating fiber optics can be used instead of a discrete phosphor layer. The resolution of scintillating fiber optics that are used in x-ray imaging exceed 20 1p/mm and can be made very large. An example of a digital TEM image using a scintillating fiber optic plate is shown in Figure 2.

Ionic homeostasis and subcellular element compartmentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-151
Author(s):  
Ann LeFurgey ◽  
Peter Ingram ◽  
J.J. Blum ◽  
M.C. Carney ◽  
L.A. Hawkey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leishmania Major ◽  
Ionic Homeostasis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Functional Studies ◽  
Cell Compartments ◽  
X Ray Imaging ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
Multiple Cell ◽  
Role Of Zn

Subcellular compartments commonly identified and analyzed by high resolution electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPXMA) include mitochondria, cytoplasm and endoplasmic or sarcoplasmic reticulum. These organelles and cell regions are of primary importance in regulation of cell ionic homeostasis. Correlative structural-functional studies, based on the static probe method of EPXMA combined with biochemical and electrophysiological techniques, have focused on the role of these organelles, for example, in maintaining cell calcium homeostasis or in control of excitation-contraction coupling. New methods of real time quantitative x-ray imaging permit simultaneous examination of multiple cell compartments, especially those areas for which both membrane transport properties and element content are less well defined, e.g. nuclei including euchromatin and heterochromatin, lysosomes, mucous granules, storage vacuoles, microvilli. Investigations currently in progress have examined the role of Zn-containing polyphosphate vacuoles in the metabolism of Leishmania major, the distribution of Na, K, S and other elements during anoxia in kidney cell nuclel and lysosomes; the content and distribution of S and Ca in mucous granules of cystic fibrosis (CF) nasal epithelia; the uptake of cationic probes by mltochondria in cultured heart ceils; and the junctional sarcoplasmic retlculum (JSR) in frog skeletal muscle.

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