AbstractMusic, speech, dance, echo location, sonar, telegraphy, radio, and the original Fax telegraphics and television are all based upon timing and rhythm. Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) is the science behind rhythm because it can define rhythm and the information within rhythm, precisely. So it stands to reason that the brain uses PWM to produce and understand music and speech and deal with these the other movement and messaging processes involving rhythm. PWM is a versatile electrical process used in control systems from light dimmers to spectrometers. PWM is based upon the measurement and/or the control of the time of events (spikes) within repeating periods in a carrier frequency of timed pulses. In the case of light dimmers, the PWM controller turns the light on at the beginning of each repeating (periodic) cycle in the 60 Hz, alternating current (AC) carrier frequency, and turns it off early in each cycle to make the light appear dim, and turns off the light near or at the end of each cycle to make the light appear bright. In very simple muscles, like those found in the first animals like the crinoids, the degree of extension and flexion can be determined by the time between when these movements are started (turned on) and when they are stopped (turned off) within the repeating cycles of a PWM carrier frequency. A very simple muscle with only two muscle cells can be used as a high frequency spike generator. And a set of these muscle circuits can be used as a frequency divider that produces lower frequency global periodic carrier pulse train frequency needed in PWM. Timed pulses within these global periodic carrier pulses can create an output pulse train that also produces a restoring pulse for each output pulse resulting in a symmetrical, zero-sum computation that keeps order and balance in the PWM controller. The time information within these periodic carrier pulse cycles allow multiple muscles to work simultaneously with slightly different starting and finishing times to produce the constant acceleration and deceleration seen in eye saccades and almost all other animal movements produced by the brain. Bi-directional frequency dividers can be used as up/down counters that store information as short term and long-term latent memories of pulse times that can be retrieved later by the carrier pulse train to create and transmit messages within the brain, without movement, that determine the overall behavior of an animal.Abstract
Symmetrical Cascaded Switched-Capacitor Multilevel Inverter Based on Hybrid Pulse Width Modulation