scholarly journals The relevance of local magnetic records when using extreme space weather events as benchmarks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Saiz ◽  
Consuelo Cid ◽  
Antonio Guerrero
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Magnetic Response ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Global Indices ◽  
Longitudinal Asymmetry ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Magnetic Observatories ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

Space weather indices introduced for scientific purposes are commonly used to quantify operational nowcast of  the geospace state during extreme space weather events. Some indices, such as the Disturbance storm time (Dst) index, have been applied to situations for which they are not originally intended. This raises a question about suitability as a space weather benchmark. In analysing historical records for different magnetometers at low- and mid-latitude, we find periods with longitudinal asymmetry in magnetic response that suggest important signals from individual magnetometers are being averaged out of the Dst record. This asymmetry develops as a double spike in the H-component: one negative in the observatories in the day sector and one positive in the observatories in the night sector. These spikes develop in short-time (about 2 hours) and pose a potential hazardous effect for users affected by space weather. The results from historical events have been reinforced with the systematic study of magnetic records during extreme events (Dst ≤ -200 nT and AL ≤ -2000 nT) in the period 1998-2017 from six magnetic observatories at about 40° magnetic latitude. Moreover, we show that the largest asymmetries take place during the early main phase and are recorded in narrow local time sectors. An important outcome of these results is that space weather benchmarks should be based on local records instead of the commonly used global indices. This action improves two important aspects of space weather: the assessment of historical extreme events and that of the needs of users.

Severe Space Weather: Simulations of Scaled-Up Storms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Raeder ◽  
Beket Tulegenov ◽  
William Douglas Cramer ◽  
Kai Germaschewswski ◽  
Banafsheh Ferdousi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
The Other ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
Quiet Sun ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The One ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

<p>Extreme space weather events are extremely rare, but pose a significant threat to our infrastructure. The one known event of such kind was the Carrington storm of 1859, but it was not well documented; in particular the solar wind and IMF conditions that caused it remain guesses. On the other hand, the STEREO-A observations of July 23, 2012 showed solar wind and IMF parameters that are most likely comparable to those of the Carrington event, and remind us that such extreme events are very well possible even during times of a quiet sun. Here, we use OpenGGCM simulations of such events to assess the effects of such solar wind and IMF on the magnetosphere. Precious work has shown that during the much more benign Halloween storm the nose of the magnetopause was as close as 4.9 RE, with an accordingly large polar cap. We will present simulations of a sequence of scaled-up storms with increasingly larger driving and demonstrate the further expansion of the polar cap, intensity of plasma injections, and the eventual saturation. In addition, we will show how the ionosphere potential penetrates to lower latitudes and affects the ionosphere and thermosphere at mid latitudes when the solar wind drivers become extreme.</p>

scholarly journals Carrington Class Solar Events and How to Recognize Them

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (S328) ◽  
pp. 204-210
Author(s):  
C. T. Russell ◽  
J. G. Luhmann ◽  
P. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Technological Systems ◽  
Current Time ◽  
Technological Infrastructure ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Solar Events ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

AbstractThe so-called Carrington Event on September 1, 1859, is clearly the solar outburst that brought the realization to the inhabitants of Earth that weather existed in space, and that space weather was important to the rapidly developing technological infrastructure on Earth. It is important to understand not only how space weather affects our technological systems, but like the case of atmospheric weather, the possible intensity of such weather, the frequency of extreme events, and how to predict them. This paper reviews what we know about one class of extreme space weather events, the superfast arrival events, how best to compare them given our limited diagnostics in past events and even at the current time, and suggests a direction for progress in this field.

scholarly journals Space Weather Research and Forecasting Act Introduced to Senate

Eos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delores Knipp
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Federal Agencies ◽  
Weather Research And Forecasting ◽  
Best Interest ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events ◽  
Weather Research

This bill is a welcome and proactive effort to align all federal agencies to act in the nation's best interest when it comes to forecasting and responding to extreme space weather events.

scholarly journals Space weather: risk factors for Global Navigation Satellite Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-47
Author(s):  
Vladislav Demyanov ◽  
Yury Yasyukevich
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Solar Radio ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite Systems ◽  
Navigation Satellite ◽  
Satellite Systems ◽  
Radio Navigation ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

Extreme space weather events affect the stability and quality of the global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) of the second generation (GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou/Compass) and GNSS augmentation. We review the theory about mechanisms behind the impact of geomagnetic storms, ionospheric irregularities, and powerful solar radio bursts on the GNSS user segment. We also summarize experimental observations of the space weather effects on GNSS performance in 2000–2020 to confirm the theory. We analyze the probability of failures in measurements of radio navigation parameters, decrease in positioning accuracy of GNSS users in dual-frequency mode and differential navigation mode (RTK), and in precise point positioning (PPP). Additionally, the review includes data on the occurrence of dangerous and extreme space weather phenomena and the possibility for predicting their im- pact on the GNSS user segment. The main conclusions of the review are as follows: 1) the positioning error in GNSS users may increase up to 10 times in various modes during extreme space weather events, as compared to the background level; 2) GNSS space and ground segments have been significantly modernized over the past decade, thus allowing a substantial in- crease in noise resistance of GNSS under powerful solar radio burst impacts; 3) there is a great possibility for increasing the tracking stability and accuracy of radio navigation parameters by introducing algorithms for adaptive lock loop tuning, taking into account the influence of space weather events; 4) at present, the urgent scientific and technical problem of modernizing GNSS by improving the scientific methodology, hardware and software for monitoring the system integrity and monitoring the availability of required navigation parameters, taking into account the impact of extreme space weather events, is still unresolved.

scholarly journals Observations from SANSA’s geomagnetic network during the Saint Patrick’s Day storm of 17–18 March 2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 115 (1/2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Nahayo ◽  
Pieter B. Kotzé ◽  
Pierre J. Cilliers ◽  
Stefan Lotz
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Space Weather ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Geomagnetically Induced Currents ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Induced Currents ◽  
Temporary Disturbance ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Magnetic Observatories

Geomagnetic storms are space weather events that result in a temporary disturbance of the earth’s magnetosphere caused by a solar wind that interacts with the earth’s magnetic field. We examined more closely how some southern African magnetic observatories responded to the Saint Patrick’s Day storm using local K-indices. We show how this network of observatories may be utilised to model induced electric field, which is useful for the monitoring of geomagnetically induced anomalous currents capable of damaging power distribution infrastructure. We show an example of the correlation between a modelled induced electric field and measured geomagnetically induced currents in southern Africa. The data show that there are differences between global and local indices, which vary with the phases of the storm. We show the latitude dependence of geomagnetic activity and demonstrate that the direction of the variation is different for the X and Y components. Significance: • The importance of ground-based data in space weather studies is demonstrated. • We show how SANSA’s geomagnetic network may be utilised to model induced electric field, which is useful for the monitoring of geomagnetically induced anomalous currents capable of damaging power distribution infrastructure.

Drivers of Extreme Space Weather Events

2015 ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Alexander Ruzmaikin ◽  
Joan Feynman ◽  
Stilian Stoev
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

scholarly journals Radiation Effects on Satellites During Extreme Space Weather Events

Space Weather ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 1216-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. P. Hands ◽  
K. A. Ryden ◽  
N. P. Meredith ◽  
S. A. Glauert ◽  
R. B. Horne
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

scholarly journals Energetic Particle Precipitation during Extreme Space Weather Events

2020 ◽  
Vol 196 ◽  
pp. 01006
Author(s):  
Olesya Yakovchuk ◽  
Irina Mironova
Keyword(s):  
Space Weather ◽  
Energetic Particle ◽  
Geomagnetic Storms ◽  
Ozone Level ◽  
Particle Precipitation ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Energetic Particle Precipitation ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Extreme Space Weather Events

Here we provide a selection of extreme geomagnetic storms of the last century based on NOAA classification which lead to the energetic particle precipitation (EPP). EPP of such geomagnetic storms can cause power outages, communication failures, and navigation problems as well as impact on the environment and the ozone level. Studies of historical extreme geomagnetic storms together with EPP for large space weather events in the space era can help to reconstruct the parameters of extreme events of past centuries.

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