Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical Englishi)

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 84-90
Author(s):  
A. W. Pratt ◽  
M. Pacak
Keyword(s):  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Morphological Segmentation ◽  
Nominal Form ◽  
Admissible Path ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
Admissible Sequences

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -0, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC-X).The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both, adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-iden, tical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.The tree nodes are divided into two groups:a. productive or activatedb. non-productive or non-activatedThe productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is openended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.

Identification and Transformation of Terminal Morphemes in Medical English

1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (02) ◽  
pp. 84-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. W. Pratt ◽  
M. Pacak
Keyword(s):  
Word Form ◽  
Subsequent Transformation ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Morphological Segmentation ◽  
Medical English ◽  
Nominal Form ◽  
Admissible Path ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
Admissible Sequences

The system for the identification and subsequent transformation of terminal morphemes in medical English is a part of the information system for processing pathology data which was developed at the National Institutes of Health.The recognition and transformation of terminal morphemes is restricted to classes of adjectivals including the -ING and -ED forms, nominals and homographic adjective/noun forms.The adjective-to-noun and noun-to-noun transforms consist basically of a set of substitutions of adjectival and certain nominal suffixes by a set of suffixes which indicate the corresponding nominal form(s).The adjectival/nominal suffix has a polymorphosyntactic transformational function if it has the property of being transformed into more than one nominalizing suffix (e.g., the adjectival suffix -IC can be substituted by a set of nominalizing suffixes -Ø, -A, -E, -Y, -IS, -IA, -ICS): the adjectival suffix has a monomorphosyntactic transformational property if there is only one admissible transform (e.g., -CIC → -X).The morphological segmentation and the subsequent transformations are based on the following principles:a. The word form is segmented according to the principle of »double consonant cut,« i.e., terminal characters following the last set of double consonants are analyzed and treated as a potential suffix. For practical purposes only such terminal suffixes of a maximum length of four have been analyzed.b. The principle that the largest segment of a word form common to both adjective and noun or to both noun stems is retained as a word base for transformational operations, and the non-identical segment is considered to be a »suffix.«The backward right-to-left character search is initiated by the identification of the terminal grapheme of the given word form and is extended to certain admissible sequences of immediately preceding graphemes.The nodes which represent fixed sequences of graphemes are labeled according to their recognition and/or transformation properties.The tree nodes are divided into two groups:a. productive or activatedb. non-productive or non-activatedThe productive (activated) nodes are sequences of sets of graphemes which possess certain properties, such as the indication about part-of-speech class membership, the transformation properties, or both. The non-productive (non-activated) nodes have the function of connectors, i.e., they specify the admissible path to the productive nodes.The computer program for the identification and transformation of the terminal morphemes is open-ended and is already operational. It will be extended to other sub-fields of medicine in the near future.

scholarly journals On derivatives

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamar Makharoblidze
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Category ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Short Article ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
General Linguistics ◽  
Lexical Content ◽  
Inflectional Affixes

The question of derivates has been repeatedly raised in the teaching processes of language grammar and general linguistics. This circumstance became the basis for creating this short article. It is well known that a word-form can be changeable or unchangeable, and this fact is determined by the parts of speech. Form-changing words can undergo two types of change: inflectional and derivative. During the inflectional change, the form of the word changes, but the lexical and semantic aspects of the word do not change, i.e. its semantic and content data do not change. A classic example of this type of change is flexion of nouns.Derivation is the formation of a word from another word by the addition of non-inflectional affixes. Derivation can be of two types. The first is lexical derivation, in which the derivative affix produces a word with a different lexical content. A word-form can be another part of speech or the same part of speech but with a different lexical content. The second type of derivation is, first of all, grammatical derivation, when grammatical categories are produced. The grammatical category in general (and a word-form in general as well) includes the unity of morphological and semantical aspects. There is no separate semantics without morphology. Any semantic category and/or content must be conveyed in a specific form, so only a specific form has a specific morphosemantics, which can be produced by the grammatical derivatives. The main difference between the two types of derivation mentioned above (and therefore between the two types of derivatives) is the levels of the language hierarchy. The first type of affixes works at the lexical level of the language, while the second type derivatives produce forms at the morphological and semantic levels. The second type derivatives are inter-level affixes, because they act on two hierarchical levels. Any grammatical category includes specific morphosemantic oppositional forms. Thus, unlike inflectional affixes, the rest of the morphological affixes are all other types of inter-level derivatives. It should be noted that the preverb in Kartvelian languages ​​is the only linguistic unit with all possible functions of affix. DOWNLOADS

U.S. INDO-PACIFIC STRATEGY: THE NUCLEAR DIMENSION

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
GLEB TOROPCHIN ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Nuclear Factor ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
Asia Pacific Region ◽  
Nuclear Policy ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
The U.S

The given article is dedicated to scrutinising the role of nuclear factor in the U.S. policy in the Asia Pacific region lately. The work is written based on the analysis of the official doctrinal documents defining U.S. foreign policy. The aim of the paper is defining the significance of the nuclear dimension in Washington’s Indo-Pacific strategy and trends in its evolution in late 2010s and early 2020s. The author dwells upon the features of conceptualising the term “Indo-Pacific” in the U.S. foreign policy strategy taking into account its transition from the expert discourse to the official one. Three layers of analysis are singled out: doctrinal, operational and institutional. Special attention is paid to the relations between the U.S. and its allies in the macroregion, including parties to the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (i.e. India, Japan and Australia), as well as other countries, such as South Korea. The influence of China’s growing power and its claims for regional and global leadership on the shift in Washington’s foreign policy is also unveiled. The author discovers a direct correlation between the role of the maritime constituent in the “Indo-Pacific security” and the intention of the U.S. to develop the sea and air components in its nuclear triad. Various directions of the U.S. advancing its nuclear forces in the Asia Pacific are shown, as well as the role of adjacent projects in the field of security (such as “Global ABM”). Apart from this, the article demonstrates the factors that might have an impact on the U.S. nuclear policy in the region during J. Biden’s presidency. An attempt is made to predict possible scenarios in the near future.

Current Perspectives on the Use of Circulatory Assist Devices

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-499
Author(s):  
Richard G. Smith ◽  
Marilyn Cleavinger
Keyword(s):  
Implantable Devices ◽  
National Institutes Of Health ◽  
Assist Devices ◽  
Bridge To Transplant ◽  
Circulatory Assist Devices ◽  
Patients With Heart Failure ◽  
Reasonable Cost ◽  
Ongoing Development ◽  
Near Future

An overview of currently available circulatory assist devices (CADs) is presented with discussion of each system’s optimal use and limitations. Successful application of CAD technology for bridge to transplant or pending recovery of the natural heart requires understanding issues involving team readiness, patient selection, device limitations, patient management, and complications. Currently, many of these devices are in clinical trials with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA and the National Institutes of Health play major roles in the ongoing development of this technology. In the near future the learning curve continues as totally implantable systems are used. The ultimate goal is to maintain patients with heart failure on implantable devices with a good quality of life at a reasonable cost

Nazwy syfilisu w dawnej polszczyźnie

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (0) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Krótki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Medical Intervention ◽  
Word Form ◽  
History Of ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Value Of It ◽  
The Given

In the article, the olden names of daglock from 15th to 19th century timeline were analysed and collected from all available lexicographical sources. The material was ordered based upon the ‘word-form’ structure and the etymology of researched appellations. It turned out that particular units were created in correlation with four primary senses such as: 1. ‘the symptoms of syphilis’, 2. ‘the place of epidemic pandemic’, 3. ‘the carrier with syphilis’, 4. ‘mythological creature causing syphilis’. Among forty two investigated units, currently only two are preserved: kiła and tryper. It can be acknowledged that the main causes of this phenomenon are medicine evolution and inhibition of the epidemic of syphilis as a primary principle of medical intervention. The dominating factor in this sketch is the analysis of contexts in which they were situated. The author examines the names with the meaning ‘syphilis’ in the history of the Polish language. Upon the statement of using this word in the dictionary registering the Old Polish, we can deduce the meaningful value of it in the given time.

scholarly journals Quantification of time delay between damages caused by windstorms and by Ips typographus

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman Modlinger ◽  
Petr Novotný
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Cross Correlation ◽  
Static Stability ◽  
Stochastic Delay ◽  
Salvage Logging ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Future Consequences ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
Disturbed Stand

AbstractDamages by wind and by European spruce bark beetle (I. typographusL.) were compared on the basis of the reports about the occurrence of harmful forest agents for the period 1964−1991 across former regional state forest directorates. In the given period, the quantity of salvage logging (70 million m3) was more than five times that of sanitation felling (13 million m3). Damage intensity increased over the decades. Using a cross-correlation function between the time series, an increase in the abundance ofI. typographusdue to windfall was demonstrated with a delay of 1–3 years. Wind damage was also shown to arise as a result of disturbed stand stability after sanitation felling with a stochastic delay of 1−5 years. Thus, disturbance of static stability of forest stands may be considered as one of the main harmful consequences of bark beetle outbreaks for the near future. Consequences for forest management are discussed.

scholarly journals Communication levels in lyrical and poetic discourse

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Text Analysis ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Word Form ◽  
New Objectivity ◽  
Poetic Discourse ◽  
Poetic Text ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Given ◽  
Self Reference

The article presents a concept of poetic text analysis from the perspective of speech act theory which distinguishes not two (as recognized in communicative pragmatic studies), but three levels of communication in lyrical and poetic discourse. These types are: 1) aesthetic communication; 2) external/vertical communication “author – reader” which appears as is or as "author – protagonist" or "protagonist – reader"; 3) internal/horizontal communication "character 1 – character 2". Being primary in poetic text, aesthetic communication is based on self-reference and the author’s aesthetic intention, whereas vertical and horizontal communications rely on reference per se and the author's referential intention. Thus, poetic text simultaneously realizes two speech acts – a poetic one (self-referential) and a general one (referential). Referential intention determines the speaker’s attitude towards the given content, and the aesthetic one – towards the word form used to convey this content. Poetic speech act is a subtype of expressive illocutionary act and introduces realization of the aesthetic intention which is seen in the author's illocutionary goal – to express true positive emotional evaluative attitude towards the word form being created, as well as the perlocutionary goal of affecting the reader's aesthetic feelings regarding the word form. Being interdependent and -related, the author’s referential and aesthetic intentions are reflected both at the level of utterance and text. The suggested concept is developed on examples of linguistic pragmatic interpretation of "New objectivity" poetry texts by M. Kaléko, E. Kästner and J. Ringelnatz.

scholarly journals Some features of the mathematical knowledge formation of technical university students

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-20
Author(s):  
Nella Fuatovna Abayeva ◽  
Lezzetzhan Mukhamedzhanovna Mustafina ◽  
Vitaliy Vladimirovich Zhurov ◽  
Alina Rashidovna Yarullina
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Mathematics ◽  
Mathematical Apparatus ◽  
Knowledge Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
Technical University ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
Mathematics Problem ◽  
Study Development

Given article reveals a topic of the teaching mathematics’ features at a technical university. The teaching mathematics’ problem is an urgent one that needs to be addressed immediately, in the near future today’s students will have to develop all branches of science and technology in the Kazakhstan, and they are quite negatively regarded to the mathematics study, and hence they have low grades of academic performance. Scientists around the world have repeatedly proved that currently without knowledge of the mathematical apparatus the science’s movement is impossible, since mathematics provides powerful methods for knowledge of the world, as well as for studying its laws. In order to apply mathematics as a research method, it is very important to realize and master the essence and interconnection of ideas and concepts, and for this we suggest developing interest to the mathematics study. The given article proposes methods of mathematics study development constructed by the authors and analyzes the obtained results.

scholarly journals Shatoe

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
AG Davis
Keyword(s):  
Spoken Word ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Psychological Condition ◽  
Eyes Closed ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Human Condition

''Shatoe'' has as its primary concept the release of primal language from the basic drives of the human condition, and language's corresponding role in the expression of those drives therein . The words are ''primal'' in the sense that their usage is not semantically driven through learned reflection, but whose uses are ''chosen'' spontaneously through glossolalia to purely reflect a given psychological condition. The piece was not written out, and was performed with my eyes closed as i deeply assessed my mental situation at the given moment (which happened to be one of intense free-floating desire for I know not what). Ultimately, ''Shatoe'' is an expression of that desire in its purest spoken-word form possible.

scholarly journals Internal public debt and economic growth: the case study of Ukraine

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serhii M. Shvets
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Developing Economies ◽  
Scenario Modeling ◽  
The Public ◽  
Debt Burden ◽  
Threshold Ratio ◽  
Near Future ◽  
The Given ◽  
Recent Tendency

The paper addresses an estimation of public debt-to-GDP threshold ratio in the developing economy encountered with an excessive public debt impact on macro dynamics. An active field of the study focuses on the internal public debt due to a recent tendency of external share substitution in the developing economies. Among a lot of publications dedicated to the public debt, the study object usually focuses on an array of countries using the same method to evaluate the threshold ratio. Analyzing behavior specifics concerning economy in crises and thereafter, there is a need to carry out the public debt study for the particular economy as well. The research suggests an algorithm for determining internal public debt-to-GDP threshold ratio by applying a scenario modeling tool. Taking into account a growing burden of public debt in Ukraine, the authors have elaborated an econometric macro model operated through fiscal-monetary interaction. The model was used to evaluate the internal public debt-to-GDP threshold ratio in Ukraine. The threshold ratio proves to be 40% of GDP, while the similar result for the total amount of public borrowings is about twice as high. Although the given ratio remained below the estimated threshold as of the mid-term of 2017, a space degree is small and going to collapse soon. Considering sluggish economic recovery following the last recession took place in 2014–2015, Ukraine will face the challenge of reopening the agenda of growing debt burden in a near future.

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