Imaging of Pediatric Lower Limb Sports Injuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Nikki Weil ◽  
Robert Hemke ◽  
Guus Reurink ◽  
Mario Maas
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Imaging Modalities ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Musculoskeletal Radiologist ◽  
Age And Sex

AbstractThe importance of physical activity during childhood and adolescence has come to light, with an increase in sports-related acute traumatic and overuse injuries as a major disadvantage. A solid understanding of the physiology of the growing skeleton, together with knowledge about age- and sex-related differences in the occurrence of acute traumatic and overuse injuries is necessary. Every musculoskeletal radiologist should also be familiar with the appearances of these injuries on different imaging modalities. This review focuses on all these aspects concerning acute traumatic and overuse injuries among children and adolescents.

Age and Sex Differences in Overuse Injuries Presenting to Pediatric Sports Medicine Clinics

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 770-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Elizabeth Valasek ◽  
Julie A. Young ◽  
Lihong Huang ◽  
Bhavna Singichetti ◽  
Jingzhen Yang
Keyword(s):  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Chart Review ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Overuse Injuries ◽  
Cartilage Injuries ◽  
Red Flag ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Articular Cartilage Injuries ◽  
Age And Sex

Pediatric overuse injuries present with a gradual mechanism of onset and an underlying pathogenesis of microtrauma. We evaluated the clinical presentation of pediatric sports injuries to determine if differences exist between age and sex. A retrospective chart review was performed over a 6-year period; 6593 overuse injuries were included with the mean age of 13.4 years. Males presented with a greater proportion of apophysis, physis, and articular cartilage injuries ( P < .01). Females presented with greater bone, tendon, and “other” injuries ( P < .01). Children <9 years of age demonstrated apophysis and physis injuries. Conversely, children older than 15 years of age presented with tendon, bone, bursa, and other ( P < .01) overuse injuries. A significant number of pediatric athletes in this cohort reported playing through pain prior to clinical evaluation. Injury prevention programs need to educate children, and a red flag should be raised when pediatric athletes are participating with pain.

Vitamin Intake of 1- to 18-Year-Old German Children and Adolescents in the Light of Various Recommendations

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathilde Kersting ◽  
Ute Alexy ◽  
Wolfgang Sichert-Hellert
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
German Children ◽  
Age And Sex

Data on the vitamin intake during childhood and adolescence are rare in Europe. Here, age and sex specific percentiles of the absolute intakes and relative densities (per MJ) of retinol, carotenoids, vitamins A, E, C, B1, B2, B6, niacin and folate in a sample of 627 subjects between the age of 1 and 18 years are reported and compared to the actual recommendations from Germany, the EC and the USA. The evaluation of the intakes clearly depends on the reference value chosen. In total, the vitamin intake can be assessed to range between satisfactory and generous with the exception of folate which ranged consistently below the references.

scholarly journals Age and sex relationship with flow-mediated dilation in healthy children and adolescents

2015 ◽  
Vol 119 (8) ◽  
pp. 926-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola D. Hopkins ◽  
Donald R. Dengel ◽  
Gareth Stratton ◽  
Aaron S. Kelly ◽  
Julia Steinberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Brachial Artery ◽  
Vascular Function ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Flow Mediated Dilation ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Asymptomatic Children ◽  
Age And Sex

Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is a noninvasive technique used to measure conduit artery vascular function. Limited information is available on normative FMD values in healthy children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to assess relationships between age and sex with FMD across childhood and adolescence. Nine hundred and seventy-eight asymptomatic children (12 ± 3 yr, range 6–18 yr, 530 male) underwent ultrasonic brachial artery assessment before and after 5 min of forearm ischemia. Sex differences in FMD and baseline artery diameter were assessed using mixed linear models. Baseline artery diameter was smaller in females than males [2.96 mm (95% CI: 2.92–3.00) vs. 3.24 mm (3.19–3.28), P < 0.001] and increased with age across the cohort ( P < 0.001). Diameter increased between ages 6 and 17 yr in males [from 2.81 mm (2.63, 3.00) to 3.91 mm (3.68, 4.14)] but plateaued at age 12 yr in females. Males had a lower FMD [7.62% (7.33–7.91) vs. 8.31% (7.95–8.66), P = 0.024], specifically at ages 17 and 18 yr. There was a significant effect of age on FMD ( P = 0.023), with a reduction in FMD apparent postpuberty in males. In conclusion, the brachial artery increases structurally with age in both sexes; however, there are sex differences in the timing and rate of growth, in line with typical sex-specific adolescent growth patterns. Males have a lower FMD than females, and FMD appears to decline with age; however, these findings are driven by reductions in FMD as males near maturity. The use of age- and sex-specific FMD data may therefore not be pertinent in childhood and adolescence.

scholarly journals Monitoring of students body posture: a longitudinal study.

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Lidiane de Fátima Ilha Nichele ◽  
Patrícia Turra ◽  
Ana Fátima Viero Badaró
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Body Posture ◽  
Final Evaluation ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Body Proportions ◽  
Horizontal Alignment ◽  
Ankle Angle

Introduction: Childhood and adolescence are important periods of growth in which the position is altered to support the new body proportions. Objective: To characterize the longitudinal profile of body posture in children and adolescents. Method: Body posture of children and adolescents of a Philanthropic Institution was assessed through an initial and one final evaluation after 24 months. The postural evaluation was performed by means of photogrammetry according to the Software Protocol (SAPo v 0.68). For analysis of the variables, the sample was divided into two groups with respect to age, where the first group (GI) was composed of 17 children aged 6 to 7 years and the second group (GII) by individuals from 8 to 10 years. Statistical analysis was performed with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences 15.0 software (SPSS). The significance determination criterion used was the level of 5%. Results: 34 students (19 girls and 15 boys) were evaluated. In relation to body posture, when the initial and final evaluation were compared, the variables Q right angle (p = 0.003) and horizontal alignment of the pelvis (p = 0.006) showed significantly difference to the GI. To GII the variables horizontal alignment of acromions (p = 0.016), right frontal lower limb angle (0,019) and left (p <0.001), Q right angle (p = 0.001) and left (p <0.001), alignment horizontal pelvis (p = 0.009), ankle angle (p = 0.002) and left-leg/hindfoot angle (p = 0.017) showed greater changes in angular medians. Conclusion: Children of GI presented more homogeneous values after the established range, keeping an angular stability for most of the observed postural variables. However, GII presented more significant decreases in asymmetries and body misalignments.

scholarly journals Indicators to Assess Physical Health of Children and Adolescents in Activity Research—A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10711
Author(s):  
Simon Kolb ◽  
Alexander Burchartz ◽  
Doris Oriwol ◽  
Steffen C. E. Schmidt ◽  
Alexander Woll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Health ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence

Sufficient physical activity can help promote and maintain health, while its lack can jeopardize it. Since health and physical activity lay their foundation for later life in childhood and adolescence, it is important to examine this relationship from the beginning. Therefore, this scoping review aims to provide an overview of physical health indicators in children and adolescents in research on the effects of physical activity and sedentary behavior. We identified the indicators used to quantify or assess physical health and summarized the methods used to measure these indicators. We systematically searched Scopus, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases for systematic reviews. The search yielded 4595 records from which 32 records were included in the review. The measurements for physical health reported in the reviews contained measures of body composition, cardiometabolic biomarkers, physical fitness, harm/injury, or bone health. Body composition was the most used indicator to assess and evaluate physical health in children, whereas information on harm and injury was barely available. In future research longitudinal studies are mandatory to focus on the prospective relationships between physical activity or sedentary behavior, and physical health.

Promoting participation in physical activity among children and adolescents with Down syndrome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E Wentz ◽  
Julia Looper ◽  
Kristi S Menear ◽  
Dipika Rohadia ◽  
Nora Shields
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Physical Therapists ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
The United States ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Children With Down Syndrome

Abstract Children with Down syndrome often have lower physical activity levels compared to their peers with typical development and face challenges such as medical co-morbidities, access issues and societal stigma, to being physically active. Physical therapists are experts in exercise prescription and physical activity and are thus uniquely qualified to successfully promote participation among children with Down syndrome in spite of inherent challenges. Our perspective is that a shift in physical therapy service delivery is needed. We suggest that physical therapists change the focus of their interventions for children with Down syndrome from underlying impairments such as low tone or joint laxity, or from developing motor skills in isolation and ‘correct’ movement patterns. Instead, physical therapists should allow the physical activity preferences and the environmental contexts of the children and adolescents they are working with to direct the treatment plan. In this way, physical therapy intervention becomes more child centered by concentrating on developing the specific skills and strategies required for success in the child’s preferred physical activity. In this paper, we consider the role of pediatric physical therapists in the United States, as well as in low- and middle- income countries, in promoting and monitoring physical activity in children with Down syndrome from infancy through adolescence. Examples of physical therapist interventions such as tummy time, movement exploration, treadmill training, bicycle riding and strength training are discussed, across infancy, childhood and adolescence, with a focus on how to successfully promote lifelong participation in physical activity.

Motivation for Physical Activity Among Children and Adolescents

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOLA J. PENDER
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Physical Activity Counseling ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Active Lifestyles

Assisting children and adolescents in adopting physically active lifestyles is an integral part of the health education and health promotion services provided by nurses in school, family, community, and primary care settings. In order to effectively engage in physical activity counseling, the determinants of physical activity must he understood and integrated into effective interventions for youths. This review of research literature includes a critique of intervention studies aimed at helping children and adolescents adopt active lifestyles that will be sustained throughout life. Social cognitive theory provided the theoretical basis for most of the studies reviewed but specification of how theory concepts were operationalized in the interventions was often unclear. Suggestions for increasing the rigor of theoretically based intervention studies aimed at promoting physical activity are proposed. Models and variables are identified that need further testing to determine their relevance to the promotion of physical activity during childhood and adolescence.

scholarly journals Age- and Sex-Specific Morphologic Variations of Capital Femoral Epiphysis Growth in Children and Adolescents Without Hip Disorders

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 232596711878157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo N. Novais ◽  
Daniel A. Maranho ◽  
Young-Jo Kim ◽  
Ata Kiapour
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Growth Plate ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Suspected Appendicitis ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Morphologic Characteristics ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cam Morphology ◽  
Age And Sex

Background: Understanding the development of the capital femoral epiphysis is essential to identify pathologic variations that may lead to cam morphology. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of the capital femoral epiphysis during childhood and adolescence, with specific morphologic analysis of the peripheral growth and the metaphyseal surface of the growth plate. We hypothesized that age- and sex-dependent morphologic variations of the peripheral growth (cupping) and surface anatomy (epiphyseal tubercle) of the epiphysis would be evident with increasing age. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Pelvic computed tomography scans of 80 children and adolescents (range, 8-15 years; n = 10 per age group; 50% male), imaged because of suspected appendicitis, were used to reformat the proximal femur. All patients had asymptomatic hips with no signs or history of hip disorder. We measured the peripheral cupping of the epiphysis and the epiphyseal tubercle dimensions from 3-dimensional models. All measurements were normalized to the epiphyseal diameter. The effect of age on these parameters was evaluated by use of linear regression analysis. A 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare these parameters between males and females. Results: The mean epiphyseal cupping increased with increasing age ( R2 = 0.54; P < .001). The mean normalized epiphyseal cupping was consistently higher in the anterior and posterior directions compared with the inferior and superior locations. Male patients aged 10 and 11 years had lower ( P = .002) mean epiphyseal cupping compared with female patients of the same age. We observed no difference between male and female participants after 12 years of age ( P > .3). The normalized epiphyseal tubercle height ( R2 = 0.08; P = .009), width ( R2 = 0.13; P = .001), and length ( R2 = 0.45; P < .001) decreased with increasing age, with no differences between male and female patients. On average, a 2.6-fold increase was found in epiphyseal cupping from 8 to 15 years of age, whereas normalized tubercle height decreased by 0.4-fold. Conclusion: Peripheral cupping of the epiphysis over the metaphysis increases with age, while the relative epiphyseal tubercle dimensions decrease. Females have an earlier onset of rapid increase in the peripheral cupping compared with males; however, no differences in epiphyseal tubercle dimensions were found between male and female patients. These findings may guide future studies investigating the development of cam morphology, which should consider the surface morphologic characteristics of the capital femoral epiphysis, the growth plate, and the differences in morphologic characteristics according to age and sex.

scholarly journals Estimation of selected parameters in stabilographic image depending on physical activity level in children and adolescents

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 4-14
Author(s):  
Justyna Filipowicz-Ciepły ◽  
Joanna Golec ◽  
Eżbieta Szczygieł ◽  
Dorota Czechowska ◽  
Marta Cichoń ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Sports Activity ◽  
Sample Distribution ◽  
Body Balance ◽  
Left Limb ◽  
Additional Task ◽  
The Right

Introduction: Balance is an extremely important component of everyday human functioning. Assessment of body balance in children can be not only a diagnostic tool, but also information about the maturation of the balance system, diversity in terms of age and sex, as well as factors affecting balance and its development. In practice, maintaining body balance is a dynamic process, consisting in "continuous loss and regaining balance". According to scientific reports, in addition to age, psychosomatic status, the development of specific sensory-motor capabilities and strategies is also influenced by the type of sport. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess balance in a group of children and adolescents with different levels of sports activity. Material and methods: The study comprised 64 children and adolescents aged 10 to 13. The group was divided into: Group 1 (15 girls and 17 boys) regularly physically active, and Group 2 (17 girls and 15 boys) not undertaking any physical activity. All participants were assessed regarding postural stability using a CQStab2P stabilometric platform. Four tests were carried out for each participant: standing on both feet, on the left and right limb, and free standing with an additional task. The following parameters were analysed: SP (Sway Path) MA (Mean Amplitude) and MF (Mean Frequency). Results: In the majority of cases, the variables indicated statistically significant differences from normal distribution – except for MA-R (on the right lower limb) and MF-T (standing on both feet with additional task). In the case of the SP-L indicators (on the left lower limb), SP-B (standing on both feet), SP-T, MA-B and MA-T, the advantage of low results was observed in the examined sample (distribution accuracy) and clear concentration near the average (leptocurticity of distribution). In the case of the trial to stand on the right lower limb, training subjects obtained statistically significantly higher SP results than those non-training. During the standing test, the length of MA was recorded as statistically significantly lower than in other conditions. In addition, the SA index, when trying to stand on the right lower limb, was statistically significantly higher in relation to the length of the radius when standing on the left limb. Training participants had a higher average radius compared to those not training. Conclusions: Physical training positively affects the results of posturographic examination. Non-training girls have a statistically significantly lower level of SP compared to boys not training and training girls.

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