Effects of Temperature on Leaf Expansion in Sunflower

1982 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
JH Hindmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Position ◽  
Leaf Emergence ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Relative Change

Five commercial cultivars of sunflower were grown in cabinets at three temperature regimes, 32/22, 27/17 and 22/12°C, and with 15-h and 11-h photoperiods, and expansion of leaves 5-15 was followed. Leaves appeared faster with increasing temperature (0.022 leaves day-1 °C-1) and with increasing daylength. Areas of individual leaves increased linearly up the plant profile and, although final area per leaf (Amax) decreased with increasing temperature, the relative change was similar for each leaf position. Cultivars maintained their ranking for Amax across temperatures, and these rankings agreed with those in previous field studies. Within each temperature regime, both the expansion rate of leaves and the duration of expansion increased with leaf position. As temperature increased, leaves grew for shorter periods with a change of 1.04 days °C-1, but under the photon flux density used (500 �mol m-2 s-1, or about 25% full sunlight) expansion rates were greatest at the lowest temperature. Expansion rates were only one-third of those in field studies at comparable temperatures, but durations were similar. Cultivars that achieved the largest Amax did so via faster rates of expansion and not via longer durations: only one cultivar differed from the mean (20 days) duration of leaf expansion. All cultivars reached floral initiation progressively earlier with extension of photoperiod from 10 to 15 h, with the change for the most sensitive cultivars being 8 days and for the least sensitive 5 days. Rates of leaf emergence were linked with this sensitivity.

scholarly journals The Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod, and Photosynthetic Photon Flux on the Time to Flowering of Petunia `Express Blush Pink'

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-580 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.R. Adams ◽  
P. Hadley ◽  
S. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Petunia Hybrida ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Critical Photoperiod ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Short Days

The effects of temperature and sowing date on the time to first flowering were investigated in Petunia ×hybrida Vilm `Express Blush Pink' sown on three separate dates (8 Feb., 1 Mar. and 22 Mar. 1993) and grown in glasshouse compartments set to provide six air temperature regimes (minimum temperatures of 4, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 °C). Flowering was hastened under high temperatures and sowing later in the season (22 Mar.). To determine the extent to which this seasonal effect was due to photoperiod, a second experiment was conducted where plants were grown under controlled daylengths (8, 11, 14, and 17 h·d-1) within six temperature-controlled glasshouse compartments (set to provide minimum temperatures of 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 °C). The rate of progress to first flowering increased linearly with lengthening photoperiod up to a critical photoperiod of 14.4 h·d-1, while further increases in daylength had no further affect in hastening flowering. The rate of progress to flowering increased linearly with increasing temperature, however, the optimum temperature, at which the rate of progress to flowering was maximal, was lower under short days compared to long days. Furthermore, the rate of progress to flowering increased linearly with increasing photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Data from both experiments were analyzed to construct a model to predict the effects of temperature, photoperiod, and PPF on time of flowering in petunia. This model accurately (r2 = 0.88) predicted the flowering times of a different set of plants sown on three dates and grown under six temperature regimes (6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 °C).

Effects of Temperature, Photoperiod, and Population Source on the Growth of Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica)

Weed Science ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Patterson ◽  
E. P. Flint ◽  
Ray Dickens
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Imperata Cylindrica ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Leaf Area Duration ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Net Assimilation ◽  
Population Source

Responses of the vegetative growth of cogongrass [Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.] to temperature and photoperiod were studied in plants grown from stem and rhizome propagules collected from plants originating at four locations in southern Alabama and Mississippi. The plants were grown in four controlled-environment chambers with day/night temperature regimes of 23/17 C and 29/23 C, photoperiods of 12 h and 16 h, and photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) of 650 μE(einsteins)m−2s−1. After 87 days, heights, leaf areas, total dry weights, rhizome numbers, and rhizome dry weights were significantly greater in plants grown at 29/23 C than at 23/17 C. Total dry weights, rhizome numbers, and rhizome dry weights were greater at the 16-h photoperiod than at 12 h. Plants grown from propagules from the McNeil, Mississippi population, which originated from an introduction from the Philippines, were significantly smaller than plants grown from propagules collected from populations thought to have originated from an introduction of cogongrass from Japan. Mathematical analysis of the growth data showed that the observed differences in dry matter production were more closely related to differences in leaf area duration than to differences in net assimilation rate.

Effects of temperature and day length on cytoplasmic male sterility in cotton (Gossypium)

1974 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 443 ◽  
Author(s):  
DR Marshall ◽  
NJ Thompson ◽  
GH Nicholls ◽  
CM Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Male Sterility ◽  
Cotton Seed ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Male Sterile ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Minor Degree ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
B Lines

Temperature and day length were shown to affect, to a major and minor degree respectively, the expression of male sterility in G. hirsutum stocks carrying G. anomalum or G. arboreum cytoplasms. Generally, sterility increased with increasing temperature and day length. Day temperatures above 33°C were required for the consistent expression of male sterility in the sterile A lines tested, while the maintainer, or B, lines became completely sterile at day temperatures above 36�. It was concluded that while the production of hybrid cotton seed by means of the sterile A lines currently available may be feasible in some tropical areas of Australia, it would be desirable to develop genotypes in which the cytoplasmic male sterile character is stable under a much wider set of temperature regimes.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on the Photosynthetic Activity, Growth and Yield of Virginia Tobacco (Nicotianatabacum L.)

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 245-254
Author(s):  
L Covarelli
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Area Index

AbstractA field experiment was carried out in 1996 in Central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization (0, 60, 120 kg h-1 N) of Virginia tobacco (cv. K394) in terms of net assimilation, growth and yield. Measurements of net leaf assimilation of CO2 were taken at midday under conditions of strong sunlight (Anhigh) using a portable infra-red gas analyzer and at decreasing photosynthetic photon flux density by shading the leaves with filters (An vs PPFD). For An vs PPFD measurements the Anmax value was calculated as the asymptote of the function proposed by CONNOR et al. (1). Growth was analysed by taking weekly samples to determine the fresh and dry weight and LAI (Leaf Area Index).Before topping, Anhigh (average assimilation found in lower, middle and upper leaves) rose in proportion to increased levels of N (14.7, 17.2, 20.2 μmolm-2 s-1, for 0, 60 and 120 kg ha-1 N respectively). After topping, Anhigh also grew with increased levels of N, but at a lower rate (6.8, 7.2 and 8.2μmol m-2 s-1, respectively).Similarly, for each of the three fertilization methods (N0, N60 and N120) the increase in Anmax in relation to N levels was greater before topping than afterwards (i.e. 18.7, 23.3, 26.3 μmolm-2 s-1 before topping compared to 7.5, 14.0 and 17.8 μmol m-2 s-1 after topping for each treatment respectively). The decrease of CO2 assimilation after topping was probably caused by the accumulation of soluble photo assimilates in the leaf which could have led to a feed-back control on leaf photosynthesis. In N60 and N120 treatments, which had the same leaf expansion rate of 0.14 m2 m-2 d-1 (m2 of leaf on m2 of soil per day), the rapid leaf expansion phase started about 40 days after transplanting, while it started some days later in N0 (rate of 0.11 m2 m-2 d-1). That phase ended at topping in N60 and N120, while in N0 it ended some days before topping. Biomass accumulation followed the same pattern of LAI. The rapid biomass accumulation phase was characterised by growth rates of 9, 16 and 19 g d.m. m-2 d-1, respectively for the N0, N60 and N120 treatments but did not end at topping. This confirms that assimilate accumulation occurred after topping but was not accompanied by leaf expansion. At fertilization rates of 0, 60 and 120 kg N ha-1 the yields of cured leaf tobacco were 3226, 4202 and 4839 kg ha-1 respectively.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature, Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, and Photoperiod on the Vegetative Growth and Flowering of `Autumn Bliss' Raspberry

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G. Carew ◽  
K. Mahmood ◽  
J. Darby ◽  
P. Hadley ◽  
N.H. Battey
Keyword(s):  
Flux Density ◽  
Plant Development ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Photosynthetic Photon Flux ◽  
Effects Of Temperature

The effects of temperature, photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and photoperiod on vegetative growth and flowering of the raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) `Autumn Bliss' were investigated. Increased temperature resulted in an increased rate of vegetative growth and a greater rate of progress to flowering. Optimum temperatures lay in the low to mid 20°C range. Above this the rate of plant development declined. Increased PPFD also advanced flowering. While photoperiod did not significantly affect the rate of vegetative growth, flowering occurred earliest at intermediate photoperiods and was delayed by extreme photoperiods. These responses suggest that there is potential for adjusting cropping times of raspberry grown under protection by manipulating the environment, especially temperature.

scholarly journals Growth and Physiological Responses of Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC. Plug Seedlings to Day and Night Temperature Regimes

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya Liu ◽  
Xiuxia Ren ◽  
Hai Jeong ◽  
Hao Wei ◽  
Byoung Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽  
Night Temperature ◽  
Native Page ◽  
Temperature Regimes

Adenophora triphylla (Thunb.) A.DC., three-leaf lady bell, is an important medicinal plant used against cancers and obesity. It has been well-established that the temperature regime affects plant growth and development in many ways. However, there is no study available correlating the growth of A. triphylla seedlings with different day and night temperature regimes. In order to find an optimal temperature regime, growth and physiology were investigated in A. triphylla plug seedlings grown in environment-controlled chambers at different day and night temperatures: 20/20 °C (day/night) (TA), 25/15 °C (TB), and 20/15 °C (TC). The seedlings in plug trays were grown under a light intensity of 150 μmol·m−2·s−1 PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) provided by white LEDs, a 70% relative humidity, and a 16 h (day)/8 h (night) photoperiod for six weeks. The results showed that the stem diameter, number of roots, and biomass were significantly larger for seedlings in TB than those in TA or TC. Moreover, the contents of total flavonoid, total phenol, and soluble sugar in seedlings grown in TB were markedly higher than those in seedlings in the other two treatments. Soluble protein content was the lowest in seedlings in TC, while starch content was the lowest in seedlings grown in TA. Furthermore, seedlings grown in TB showed significantly lower activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, and guaiacol peroxidase. Native PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) analysis further proved low activities of antioxidant isozymes in TB treatment. Meanwhile, the lowest content of hydrogen peroxide was observed in seedlings grown in TB. In conclusion, the results suggested that the 25/15 °C (day/night) temperature regime is the most suitable for the growth and physiological development of A. triphylla seedlings.

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