Ejaculate traits in the Namibian cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): influence of age, season and captivity

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrienne E. Crosier ◽  
Laurie Marker ◽  
JoGayle Howard ◽  
Budhan S. Pukazhenthi ◽  
Josephine N. Henghali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Young Males ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Free Ranging

The objective was to examine the influence of animal age, season and captivity status on seminal quality in wild-born cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Namibia, Africa. Animals were divided into three age categories: juvenile (14–24 months; n = 16 males, 23 ejaculates); adult (25–120 months; n = 76 males, 172 ejaculates); and aged (>120 months; n = 5 males, 5 ejaculates). Seasons were categorised into hot–wet (January–April), cold–dry (May–August) and hot–dry (September–December). A comparison between freshly wild-caught (n = 29 males, 41 ejaculates) and captive-held cheetahs (n = 68 males, 159 ejaculates) was also conducted. Raw ejaculates contained 69.0 ± 1.1% motile spermatozoa (mean ± s.e.m.) with 73.6 ± 1.5% of these cells containing an intact acrosome. Overall, 18.4 ± 0.9% of spermatozoa were morphologically normal, with midpiece anomalies being the most prevalent (~39%) defect. Juvenile cheetahs produced ejaculates with poorer sperm motility, forward progressive status, lower seminal volume and fewer total motile spermatozoa than adult and aged animals. Spermatogenesis continued unabated throughout the year and was minimally influenced by season. Proportions of sperm malformations were also not affected by season. Ejaculates from captive cheetahs had increased volume and intact acrosomes, but lower sperm density than wild-caught counterparts. In summary, Namibian cheetahs produce an extraordinarily high proportion of pleiomorphic spermatozoa regardless of age, season or living (captive versus free-ranging) status. Young males less than 2 years of age produce poorer ejaculate quality than adult and aged males. Because (1) all study animals were wild born and (2) there was little difference between freshly caught males and those maintained in captivity for protracted periods, our results affirm that teratospermia in the cheetah is mostly genetically derived. It also appears that an ex situ environment for the Namibian cheetah can ensure sperm quality comparable with that for free-living males.

Group management influences reproductive function of the male cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana C. Koester ◽  
Elizabeth W. Freeman ◽  
David E. Wildt ◽  
Kimberly A. Terrell ◽  
Ashley D. Franklin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Physiological Traits ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Group Management ◽  
Social Grouping ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Conservation Breeding ◽  
Free Ranging

Although the free-ranging cheetah is generally socially solitary, as many as 60% of males live in same-sex (usually sibling) coalitions. Under ex situ conditions, the cheetah experiences low reproductive success with only ~18% of males having ever produced young. Most male cheetahs (85%) are managed in captivity in coalitions, but with no data on the influence of social grouping on reproductive parameters. We examined the influence of singleton versus coalition management on various male cheetah physiological traits, including ejaculate quality and gonadal and adrenal hormone metabolite concentrations. We also assessed behaviour within coalitions for evidence of social hierarchy through initiation of interactions with group mates and relatedness to physiological traits. Ejaculate quality (including total motile and structurally normal spermatozoa per ejaculate) and androgen concentration profiles were higher (P < 0.05) in coalition compared with singleton males. These results support the conclusion that testis function in the cheetah, specifically related to the development of normal, motile spermatozoa and androgen production, is influenced by management with same-sex conspecifics. The findings have implications for ex situ conservation breeding programs by suggesting that reproductive quality can be enhanced through group maintenance of cheetah males.

218 EJACULATE TRAITS OF THE NAMIBIAN CHEETAH (ACINONYX JUBATUS)—INFLUENCE OF ANIMAL AGE, SEASON, AND CAPTIVITY

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 217
Author(s):  
A. E. Crosier ◽  
L. L. Marker ◽  
J. G. Howard ◽  
B. S. Pukazhenthi ◽  
J. N. Henghali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Motile Sperm ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Acinonyx Jubatus ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
A Genome ◽  
Hot Dry Season

Wild cheetahs are threatened with extinction, and ex situ populations are not self-sustaining due to poor reproductive efficiency. Sperm cryo-preservation is a valuable tool for genetic management; however, increased knowledge of ejaculate traits is essential to improve cryopreservation protocols. The objective of this study was to characterize ejaculate traits of wild-born cheetahs in Namibia, Africa. Specifically, the influences of animal age, season and captive status on electroejaculate volume, sperm concentration, motility, forward progressive status (FPS scale 0-5, 5 = best), morphology, and acrosomal integrity were evaluated. Animal age was divided into categories: juvenile (14-24 mo; n = 16 males, 23 ejaculates), adult (25-120 mo; n = 76 males, 175 ejaculates), and aged (over 120 mo; n = 5 males, 5 ejaculates). Namibian seasons were divided into hot-wet (Jan-Apr), cold-dry (May-Aug) and hot-dry (Sep-Dec). Cheetahs were considered wild-caught (n = 29 males; 44 ejaculates) if trapped on farmland d30 days before semen collection. Raw ejaculates contained 69.0 � 1.1% motile sperm (mean � SEM) and 73.6 � 1.5% sperm with intact acrosomes. Overall, 18.4 � 0.9% of sperm were morphologically normal, with midpiece abnormalities being the most prevalent defects (?39%). To determine treatment differences, data were analyzed by General Linear Model procedures and means were separated with Duncan's multiple-range test. Juvenile cheetahs produced ejaculates with reduced (P < 0.05) sperm motility (56.7 � 3.3%) and FPS (2.9 � 0.1) compared to adult (69.8 � 1.4% and 3.4 � 0.1, respectively) and aged (78.9 � 6.7% and 3.7 � 0.3, respectively) animals. Ejaculates from juvenile animals also had reduced (P < 0.05) volume (0.69 � 0.3 mL) and fewer (P < 0.05) total motile sperm (7.1 � 9.3 � 106) compared to adult (2.2 � 0.1 mL and 42.3 � 4.1 � 106) and aged (2.3 � 0.6 mL and 23.5 � 20.0 � 106, respectively) males. For all ejaculates combined, seminal quality was poorest during the hot-dry season with lower (P < 0.05) sperm motility and intact acrosomes as well as an increased (P < 0.05) percent of sperm with head abnormalities. Ejaculates from captive cheetahs (n = 68 males, 159 ejaculates) had increased (P < 0.05) volume (2.0 � 0.2 mL) and intact acrosomes (80.1 � 3.6%), but lower (P < 0.05) sperm density (14.3 � 3.9 � 106/mL) than wild-caught animals (1.5 � 0.3 mL, 71.9 � 4.6%, and 24.1 � 5.1 � 106/mL, respectively). These are the first large-scale data acquired to examine the reproductive biology of male cheetahs in Namibia, including those recently captured from the wild. Results reveal that this species demonstrates seasonal and age-based variations in ejaculate quality, and that all individuals (including those recently derived from the wild) produce unusually high proportions of pleiomorphic spermatozoa. These data are being used to select the ideal donor age and season during which spermatozoa should be collected for addition to a genome resource bank, thereby enhancing effective genetic management for cheetahs propagated ex situ.

Behavioural adjustments of wild-caught kangaroos to captivity

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Munn ◽  
S. Phelan ◽  
M. Rigby ◽  
J. A. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Wild Animal ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Novel Environment ◽  
Short Period ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Free Ranging

It is important to understand how wild-caught animals may respond to captivity, and whether their behaviours in captivity are reflective of their wild counterparts. We observed the behaviour of wild-caught western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) and red kangaroos (Osphranter rufus; formerly M. rufus) that were transferred to a large naturally vegetated enclosure. Observations were made on the first day of captivity and again after 7–10 days, and were compared with the behaviour of free-living kangaroos at the same locality and over the same period. We quantified feeding, moving, grooming and non-alert behaviours. Of these, grooming was higher in captive kangaroos than in free-living animals on the first day of captivity only, and was no different to that of wild animal by 7–10 days’ captivity. Such self-directed behaviour may be indicative of heightened distress for kangaroos on the first day of captivity, but it may also be indicative of grooming to eliminate contamination of human smells or debris following capture by darting and recovery. Overall, our findings indicate that after a short period of captivity, wild-caught kangaroos adjust to a novel environment relatively quickly, and animals from each species showed behaviour patterns comparable with free-ranging counterparts within 7–10 days after capture and captivity.

scholarly journals Development of Sperm Cryopreservation Protocols for Sharks and Rays: New Tools for Elasmobranch Conservation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo García-Salinas ◽  
Victor Gallego ◽  
Juan F. Asturiano
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Sperm Cryopreservation ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
Elasmobranch Species ◽  
Reproductive Cycles

Elasmobranchs are one of the most endangered vertebrate groups on the planet, but despite this situation the use of reproductive techniques in elasmobranch conservation strategies has been scarce. Among these techniques, sperm preservation is a potential tool for ex situ conservation and aquaria sustainability. However, there are no widespread preservation protocols for elasmobranch sperm, and shark sperm cryopreservation has never been achieved before. Here we present the establishment of successful cryopreservation protocols for elasmobranch sperm, tested in several species. We have formulated a sperm extender that can be used for different elasmobranch species, capable of maintaining sperm motility for several weeks. Additionally, we achieved the cryopreservation of sperm by previously diluting it in our extender and supplementing it with different combinations of cryoprotectants. The effects of methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide as permeating cryoprotectants were evaluated, as well egg yolk as a non-permeating cryoprotectant. Sperm quality was assessed by studying the motility and membrane integrity post-thawing, demonstrating its effectiveness in the 10 species tested, including two which are considered Critically Endangered. This is the first time that shark sperm cryopreservation has been reported, broadening our knowledge of the reproductive techniques that can be applied to elasmobranchs and laying the foundations for the first cryobanks for shark and ray sperm. Outcomes from this study will be useful for ex situ conservation efforts developed by public aquaria. A regular supply of frozen sperm will reduce the problems that result from the transport of specimens, inbreeding or lack of synchronized reproductive cycles in captivity.

scholarly journals The Hydrogen Storage Nanomaterial MgH2 Improves Irradiation-induced Male Fertility Impairment by Suppressing Oxidative Stress

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Ma ◽  
Suhe Dong ◽  
Hongtao Lu ◽  
Zhongmin Chen ◽  
Huijie Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Hormone Secretion ◽  
Phase Cell ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
Radiation Induced

Abstract ObjectiveThis study aimed to reveal the protective effect of hydrogen storage nanomaterial MgH2 on radiation-induced male fertility impairment.MethodsThe characterization of MgH2 were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analyzer. The safety of MgH2 were evaluated in vivo and in vitro. The radioprotective effect of MgH2 on the reproductive system were analyzed in mice, including sperm quality, genetic effect, spermatogenesis, and hormone secretion. ESR, flow cytometry and western blotting assay were used to reveal the underlying mechanisms.ResultsMgH2 had an irregular spherical morphology and a particle size of approximately 463.2 nm, and the content of Mg reached 71.46%. MgH2 was safe and nontoxic in mice and cells. After irradiation, MgH2 treatment significantly protected testicular structure, increased sperm density, improved sperm motility, reduced deformity rates, and reduced the genetic toxicity. Particularly, the sperm motility were consistent with those in MH mice and human semen samples. Furthermore, MgH2 treatment could maintain hormone secretion and testicular spermatogenesis, especially the generation of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia and round sperm cells. In vitro, MgH2 eliminated the [·OH], suppressed the irradiation-induced increase in ROS production, and effectively alleviated the increase in MDA contents. Moreover, MgH2 significantly ameliorated apoptosis in testes and cells and reversed the G2/M phase cell cycle arrest induced by irradiation. In addition, MgH2 inhibited the activation of radiation-induced inflammation and pyroptosis.ConclusionMgH2 improved irradiation-induced male fertility impairment by eliminating hydroxyl free radicals.

P–126 A comparison of the efficacy of sperm freezing using high security tubes versus high security straws

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Bañuelo. Linares ◽  
K Berrisford ◽  
L Kellam ◽  
A Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Freezing Process ◽  
Donor Sperm ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Sperm Density ◽  
High Security ◽  
Sperm Freezing ◽  
Sperm Recovery

Abstract Study question Are there any advantages in using High security tubes rather than High Security straws for conventional slow sperm freezing? Summary answer Freezing sperm in High Security tubes (HST) improved post-thaw recovery rate and motility, and also reduced processing and handling compared to High Security straws (HSS). What is known already The use of High Security freezing consumables (HSFC) in an IVF setting is a safe and effective way of eliminating concerns related to viral cross-contamination during storage. The lower diameter of HSS does make them susceptible to warming during handling. The HSFC used in this study is the only CE marked products that are made of resin, leak-proof and shatter-proof in all cryogenic temperatures even in LN2. No previous studies have compared the use of HST with HSS for conventional human sperm freezing. This study sets out to investigate the performance of HST compared to HSS. Study design, size, duration The study was designed as a controlled split-sample study with blind post-thaw analysis. Following the routine WHO analysis of 20 semen samples, the remainder of each of the samples was evenly divided and cryopreserved by conventional slow freezing in each of the two different HSFC. The freeze was conducted simultaneously by the same practitioner, employing the same freezing protocol and cryoprotectant. The pre-freeze and post-thaw concentration, total and progressive sperm motility were recorded. Participants/materials, setting, methods At one IVF clinic, semen samples with sperm density ≥15million/ml, ≥40% motility, ≥1.5ml were included. Cryoprotectant (SpermFreeze, Fertipro) was added dropwise to unprepared semen and kept at room temperature for 10 minutes before loading into HSFC (0.5ml CBS™HSS; CBS™HST). HSFC were heat-sealed (SYMS; SYMSIII sealers) and placed in vapour for 30 minutes before plunging into LN2. Samples were thawed by immersion in a 37Cº water bath for 5 minutes and analysed using WHO methods. Main results and the role of chance Paired-t test was used to compare the percentage motility between the different HSFC. All analysis was considered statistically significant when p &lt; 0.01. We demonstrated that the sperm recovery rate (Percentage total motility post-thaw/ Percentage total motility pre-freeze) in HST was 66.63 ± 14.94 (mean ± standard deviation) compared to 40.80 ± 14.69 in HSS. In the HSS, the percentage post-thaw total motility was 19.99 ± 7.21 and the percentage post-thaw progressive motility was 12.26 ± 2.59. In the HST, the percentage post-thaw total motility was 32.57 ± 8.33 and the percentage post-thaw progressive motility was 23.08 ± 5.53. The overall improvement when using HST against HSS was 12.53 ± 5.69, 10.44 ± 5.29 for the total motility and the progressive motility respectively. Comments were recorded regarding the handling and the condition of the HSS and HST for each freeze event. Neither device displayed any leakage of LN2 or any explosion during the warming. The freezing process was easier and faster using HST rather than HSS. It was also noted that the entire sample can be recovered from the HST, unlike the HSS. Limitations, reasons for caution The study looked at sperm recovery in terms of motility only. DNA damage was not considered as a parameter of sperm quality. Also, fertilization, pregnancy rates, live birth rates and the use of poorer quality sperm samples have not been investigated. Wider implications of the findings: For conventional sperm freezing, the use of HST resulted in improved sperm motility and progression post-thaw, when compared to HSS. This finding supports the use of HST to improve the post thaw quality of sperm, benefitting patients with own frozen samples, recipients of donor sperm and donor sperm banks. Trial registration number Not applicable.

scholarly journals Reproductive traits in captive and free-ranging males of the critically endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus)

Reproduction ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Gañán ◽  
Adrián Sestelo ◽  
J Julián Garde ◽  
Fernando Martínez ◽  
Astrid Vargas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Semen Quality ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Lynx Lynx ◽  
Iberian Lynx ◽  
Lynx Pardinus ◽  
Normal Sperm ◽  
Free Ranging

The Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) is the most endangered felid in the world. Adequate genetic management of in situ and ex situ populations, and linkage between both, require knowledge on male reproductive biology and factors influencing it. We examined the influence of age, free-ranging versus captive conditions and seasonality on phenotypic, endocrine and semen traits, and links between reproductive traits and male fertility. Males had relatively small testes, produced low sperm numbers, a low proportion of normal sperm, and a high proportion of motile sperm. Young (2-year-old) males had lower testosterone levels, fewer sperm, and a lower proportion of motile and normal sperm than ≥4-year-old males. No major differences were found in semen traits before and after the mating season or between free-ranging and captive males, although the latter had better sperm motility. Males with larger relative testes weight and more sperm copulated more frequently, whereas males that produced more sperm with higher motility produced more cubs per female. In conclusion, small relative testes size and low sperm quality could indicate either low levels of sperm competition or high levels of inbreeding. Young males are probably subfertile; there is a slight trend for males in the captive breeding programme to have better semen quality than wild males, and males with higher sperm production are sexually more active and more fertile. These findings have major implications for decisions regarding which males should breed, provide samples for the genetic resource bank, or participate in programmes involving the use of assisted reproductive techniques.

scholarly journals The Patterns and Causes of Dermatitis in Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Mammalian Wildlife

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1691
Author(s):  
Elise M. Ringwaldt ◽  
Barry W. Brook ◽  
Scott Carver ◽  
Jessie C. Buettel
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Threatened Species ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
Dermatological Disease ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Free Ranging

Causative disease and stress agents which manifest as dermatitis in mammals have varying effects on individual animals, from benign irritation and inflammation, to causing morbidity and even mortality. Bacteria, viruses and ectoparasites are all potential causes of dermatitis, and it can be exacerbated by various environmental, genetic and social factors. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether dermatitis is more likely to manifest in already-vulnerable wildlife species. Here, we systematically review the literature for reports of dermatitis in terrestrial and semi-aquatic wild mammalian species, with the goal of determining the biogeographical scale of dermatitis reports, the causes of dermatitis, and whether manifestation of dermatitis is reported more commonly in certain wildlife species or their captivity status (i.e., free-living, in captivity or in a laboratory). We reveal biases in the reporting of dermatitis by a biogeographic realm, with 55% of cases reported in the Nearctic, and towards particular orders of mammals, namely Artiodactyla and Carnivora. Overall, free-living wildlife is almost twice as likely to be reported as having dermatitis than individuals in captivity and six times more likely than individuals in laboratories, which we interpret as owing to exposure to a broader spectrum of parasites in free-ranging individuals, and potential reporting bias in captive individuals. Notably, dermatitis was reported in 23 threatened species, with some species more likely than others to be reported exhibiting clinical signs of dermatitis resulting from underlying health problems. We also find that threatened species are more likely to be reported as having dermatitis in captivity, particularly outside of their endemic home range. This review highlights diverse patterns of dermatological disease causes in captive and free-ranging wildlife, conditions under which they are more likely to be documented, and the need for cross-disciplinary research to ascertain (and so better manage) the varied causes.

scholarly journals A Survey for Escherichia coli Virulence Factors in Asymptomatic Free-Ranging Parrots

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Becker Saidenberg ◽  
Neiva Maria Robaldo Guedes ◽  
Gláucia Helena Fernandes Seixas ◽  
Mariangela da Costa Allgayer ◽  
Erica Pacífico de Assis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Free Living ◽  
E Coli ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Free Ranging

Parrots in captivity are frequently affected by Escherichia coli (E. coli) infections. The objective of this study was to collect information on the carrier state for E. coli pathotypes in asymptomatic free-ranging parrots. Cloacal swabs were collected from nestlings of Hyacinth, Lear’s macaws and Blue-fronted Amazon parrots and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for virulence factors commonly found in enteropathogenic, avian pathogenic, and uropathogenic E. coli strains. In total, 44 samples were cultured and E. coli isolates were yielded, from which DNA was extracted and processed by PCR. Genes commonly found in APEC isolates from Blue-fronted Amazon parrots and Hyacinth macaws were expressed in 14 of these 44 samples. One atypical EPEC isolate was obtained from a sample from Lear’s macaw. The most commonly found gene was the increased serum survival (iss) gene. This is the first report, that describes such pathotypes in asymptomatic free-living parrots. The findings of this study suggest the presence of a stable host/parasite relationship at the time of the sampling brings a new understanding to the role that E. coli plays in captive and wild parrots. Such information can be used to improve husbandry protocols as well as help conservation efforts of free-living populations.

scholarly journals CagA-PositiveHelicobacter pyloriInfection and Reduced Sperm Motility, Vitality, and Normal Morphology

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Moretti ◽  
G. Collodel ◽  
L. Mazzi ◽  
M. S. Campagna ◽  
N. Figura
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Normal Forms ◽  
Molecular Mimicry ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Partial Linear ◽  
Caga Status ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Autoimmune Phenomena

Helicobacter pylori(HP) infection, particularly when caused by strains expressing CagA, may be considered a concomitant cause of male and female reduced fertility. This study explored, in 87 HP-infected males, the relationship between infection by CagA-positive HP strains and sperm parameters. HP infection and CagA status were determined by ELISA and Western blotting; semen analysis was performed following WHO guidelines. The amino acid sequence of human enzymes involved in glycolysis and oxidative metabolism were “blasted” with peptides expressed by HP J99. Thirty-seven patients (42.5%) were seropositive for CagA. Sperm motility (18% versus 32%; ), sperm vitality (35% versus 48%; ) and the percentage of sperm with normal forms (18% versus 22%; ) in the CagA-positive group were significantly reduced versus those in the CagA-negative group. All the considered enzymes showed partial linear homology with HP peptides, but four enzymes aligned with four different segments of the samecagisland protein. We hypothesize a relationship between infection by strains expressing CagA and decreased sperm quality. Potentially increased systemic levels of inflammatory cytokines that occur in infection by CagA-positive strains and autoimmune phenomena that involve molecular mimicry could explain the pathogenetic mechanism of alterations observed.

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