Development of mound-building in Australian brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami): the role of learning, testosterone and body mass

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Göth ◽  
Lee Astheimer
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Parental Role ◽  
Behavioural Development ◽  
Dominance Status ◽  
Alectura Lathami

Australian brush-turkeys (Alectura lathami) hatch in incubation mounds of organic material and have no parental role models to learn from. When raised in outdoor aviaries, without adults, four of six males built incubation mounds at an early age of 4.5–9 months. The two males without mounds were the only ones without detectable levels of testosterone (T) at 4.5 months, whereas body mass did not explain the presence or absence of mound building. At the age of 11 months, all males had detectable T, including those without mounds. This study also investigated the development of social dominance in males kept in mixed-sex groups for 4.5 months. At this latter age, higher-ranked males tended to have higher T levels (P = 0.076), whereas dominance ranks at 4.5 months were not correlated with body mass or size, either at this age or at hatching. Overall, these results suggest that mound building develops without learning, and there is a relationship between T levels and dominance status as well as the absence or presence of mound building. These findings contribute to discussions on the role of learning in behavioural development and the role of T and body mass in avian life history.

scholarly journals Extended parenting and the evolution of cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1803) ◽  
pp. 20190495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie Uomini ◽  
Joanna Fairlie ◽  
Russell D. Gray ◽  
Michael Griesser
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cultural Learning

Traditional attempts to understand the evolution of human cognition compare humans with other primates. This research showed that relative brain size covaries with cognitive skills, while adaptations that buffer the developmental and energetic costs of large brains (e.g. allomaternal care), and ecological or social benefits of cognitive abilities, are critical for their evolution. To understand the drivers of cognitive adaptations, it is profitable to consider distant lineages with convergently evolved cognitions. Here, we examine the facilitators of cognitive evolution in corvid birds, where some species display cultural learning, with an emphasis on family life. We propose that extended parenting (protracted parent–offspring association) is pivotal in the evolution of cognition: it combines critical life-history, social and ecological conditions allowing for the development and maintenance of cognitive skillsets that confer fitness benefits to individuals. This novel hypothesis complements the extended childhood idea by considering the parents' role in juvenile development. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses, we show that corvids have larger body sizes, longer development times, extended parenting and larger relative brain sizes than other passerines. Case studies from two corvid species with different ecologies and social systems highlight the critical role of life-history features on juveniles’ cognitive development: extended parenting provides a safe haven, access to tolerant role models, reliable learning opportunities and food, resulting in higher survival. The benefits of extended juvenile learning periods, over evolutionary time, lead to selection for expanded cognitive skillsets. Similarly, in our ancestors, cooperative breeding and increased group sizes facilitated learning and teaching. Our analyses highlight the critical role of life-history, ecological and social factors that underlie both extended parenting and expanded cognitive skillsets. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Life history and learning: how childhood, caregiving and old age shape cognition and culture in humans and other animals’.

Peran Guru Dalam Menerapkan Pendidikan Agama Kristen Untuk Menumbuhkan Iman Kristen Anak Sejak Dini

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
Sriyati Sriyati ◽  
Esen Hon Nakamnanu
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe application of Christian faith is not only knowledge to add insight into Christianity, but the application of education is a way to be able to cultivate Christian faith in every child. The application of Christian education is not limited to being applied from primary school to university but is applied to start from early childhood education (PAUD). In the application of Christian education, teachers have an important role in faith growth because Christian education implemented in Sion Tridamarsari Kindergarten aims to foster faith in every child through Christian education. Before applying the Christian education, teachers need to realize that being a PAUD teacher is not just a job or a profession but is a calling from God so that teachers will be able to understand that the growth of Children’s Christian faith must be implemented from an early age. The type of research in this article is qualitative research. Where every informant is interviewed and observed. Based on the result that has been done, the role of the teachers in implementing Christian education for children is teachers can put themselves as friends, pastors, evangelists, facilitators, mentors, motivators, and role models. With these roles, can help and assist each child in the growth of faith that is achieved, namely believing that Jesus Christ is Lord and Savior, dare to pray for himself and others, distinguishing right and wrong actions and helping others. This achievement requires a continuous process and is carried out for a long time. By implementing Christian education it has an impact on the growth of Christian faith from an early age.Key words: Teacher, Rolling and Faith AbstrakPenerapan pendidikan iman Kristen pada intinya bukan sebagai pengetahuan untuk menambah wawasan mengenai agama Kristen, akan tetapi penerapan pendidikan merupakan suatu cara untuk dapat menumbuhkan iman Kristen dalam pribadi anak. Penerapan pendidikan Agama Kristen tidak sebatas diterapkan dari pendidikan dasar sampai pada perguruan tinggi, tetapi diterapkan mulai dari pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD). Dalam penerapan pendidikan agama Kristen, guru mempunyai peran penting terhadap pertumbuhan iman karena pendidikan agama Kristen yang diterapkan di Taman Kanak-Kanak Sion Tridamarsari bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan iman Kristen anak sejak dini yaitu pada usia empat sampai enam tahun. Sebelum menerapkan pendidikan agama Kristen, guru Taman Kanak-Kanak Sion Tridamarsari perlu menyadari bahwa menjadi guru PAUD bukanlah merupakan suatu pekerjaan atau profesi saja tetapi sebuah panggilan dari Tuhan, sehingga guru akan dapat mengerti bahwa pertumbuhan iman Kristen anak haruslah diterapkan sejak usia dini. Jenis penelitian dalam tulisan ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Di mana setiap informan diwawancarai dan diobservasi. Berdasarkan hasil yang telah dilakukan, peran guru dalam menerapkan pendidikan agama Kristen pada anak harusnya guru mampu memposisikan diri  sebagai sahabat, gembala, penginjil, fasilitator, pembimbing, motivator, dan teladan, dengan peran tersebut dapat membantu dan menolong setiap anak dalam pertumbuhan iman yang dicapai yaitu percaya bahwa Yesus Kristus adalah Tuhan dan Juruselamat, berani berdoa untuk dirinya dan orang lain, membedakan perbuatan yang benar dan yang salah dan menolong sesama atau orang lain. Pencapaian tersebut membutuhkan proses secara terus menerus dan dilakukan dalamwaktu yang lama. Dengan menerapan pendidikan agama Kristen berdampak terhadap pertumbuhan iman Kristen sejak dini.Kata kunci: Guru, Peranan dan Iman 

scholarly journals Komunikasi Dakwah dan Peran Ulama dalam Mencegah Pernikahan Dini di Nusa Tenggara Barat

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Lalu Ahmad Zaenuri ◽  
Andri Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Assistance Programs ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Negative Impacts

This study aims to determine the involvement and role of ulama in preventing early-age marriage in West Nusa Tenggara. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with the type of library research. Data collection techniques using the literature review through various references related to research. The results of the research through a literature review are looking at government programs such as those related to early-age marriage, then the stakeholders involved are not enough from government agencies only. It’s also important the involvement and role of ulama as role models for the community in suppressing cases of early-age marriage through da'wah communication activities and forming special guidance and assistance programs for parents and adolescents regarding the negative impacts on early-age marriage.

scholarly journals Peran Guru Dalam Menerapkan Pendidikan Agama Kristen Untuk Menumbuhkan Iman Kristen Anak Sejak Dini

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-28
Author(s):  
Sriyati Sriyati ◽  
Esen Hon Nakamnanu
Keyword(s):  
Christian Education ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Continuous Process ◽  
Christian Faith ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Childhood Education ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThe application of Christian faith is not only knowledge to add insight into Christianity, but the application of education is a way to be able to cultivate Christian faith in every child. The application of Christian education is not limited to being applied from primary school to university but is applied to start from early childhood education (PAUD). In the application of Christian education, teachers have an important role in faith growth because Christian education implemented in Sion Tridamarsari Kindergarten aims to foster faith in every child through Christian education. Before applying the Christian education, teachers need to realize that being a PAUD teacher is not just a job or a profession but is a calling from God so that teachers will be able to understand that the growth of Children’s Christian faith must be implemented from an early age. The type of research in this article is qualitative research. Where every informant is interviewed and observed. Based on the result that has been done, the role of the teachers in implementing Christian education for children is teachers can put themselves as friends, pastors, evangelists, facilitators, mentors, motivators, and role models. With these roles, can help and assist each child in the growth of faith that is achieved, namely believing that Jesus Christ is Lord and Savior, dare to pray for himself and others, distinguishing right and wrong actions and helping others. This achievement requires a continuous process and is carried out for a long time. By implementing Christian education it has an impact on the growth of Christian faith from an early age.Key words: Teacher, Rolling and Faith AbstrakPenerapan pendidikan iman Kristen pada intinya bukan sebagai pengetahuan untuk menambah wawasan mengenai agama Kristen, akan tetapi penerapan pendidikan merupakan suatu cara untuk dapat menumbuhkan iman Kristen dalam pribadi anak. Penerapan pendidikan Agama Kristen tidak sebatas diterapkan dari pendidikan dasar sampai pada perguruan tinggi, tetapi diterapkan mulai dari pendidikan anak usia dini (PAUD). Dalam penerapan pendidikan agama Kristen, guru mempunyai peran penting terhadap pertumbuhan iman karena pendidikan agama Kristen yang diterapkan di Taman Kanak-Kanak Sion Tridamarsari bertujuan untuk menumbuhkan iman Kristen anak sejak dini yaitu pada usia empat sampai enam tahun. Sebelum menerapkan pendidikan agama Kristen, guru Taman Kanak-Kanak Sion Tridamarsari perlu menyadari bahwa menjadi guru PAUD bukanlah merupakan suatu pekerjaan atau profesi saja tetapi sebuah panggilan dari Tuhan, sehingga guru akan dapat mengerti bahwa pertumbuhan iman Kristen anak haruslah diterapkan sejak usia dini. Jenis penelitian dalam tulisan ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Di mana setiap informan diwawancarai dan diobservasi. Berdasarkan hasil yang telah dilakukan, peran guru dalam menerapkan pendidikan agama Kristen pada anak harusnya guru mampu memposisikan diri  sebagai sahabat, gembala, penginjil, fasilitator, pembimbing, motivator, dan teladan, dengan peran tersebut dapat membantu dan menolong setiap anak dalam pertumbuhan iman yang dicapai yaitu percaya bahwa Yesus Kristus adalah Tuhan dan Juruselamat, berani berdoa untuk dirinya dan orang lain, membedakan perbuatan yang benar dan yang salah dan menolong sesama atau orang lain. Pencapaian tersebut membutuhkan proses secara terus menerus dan dilakukan dalamwaktu yang lama. Dengan menerapan pendidikan agama Kristen berdampak terhadap pertumbuhan iman Kristen sejak dini.Kata kunci: Guru, Peranan dan Iman 

scholarly journals How Informal Education Fosters Economic Awareness in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-214
Author(s):  
Rahmatullah Rahmatullah ◽  
Inanna Inanna ◽  
Andi Tenri Ampa
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Informal Education ◽  
Economic Education ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Transfer Of Knowledge ◽  
Pocket Money ◽  
The Family ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

The research aimed to find out how the education pattern in the family forms children's economic awareness. Qualitative descriptive was used as an approach in this study to reveal how the role of farmer families in the Maritengngae sub-district, Sidrap Regency in fostering economic awareness in their children. The number of informants in this study was 10 people. The data collection used observation, documentation, and interviews. The results showed that economic education was part of education that took place in the family environment to foster economic awareness in children from an early age through habituation, exemplary and transfer of knowledge. The characteristics of economic education in the family can be seen in various aspects, namely giving verbal advice, participating in shopping, and habituation in saving, limiting pocket money, and priority scale in fulfilling needs. The role of housewives is very important in fostering habits and role models in children from an early age with the hope that in the future they will become responsible economic actors.

scholarly journals PERAN ORANG TUA DALAM MENDIDIK ANAK SEJAK DINI DI LINGKUNGAN KELUARGA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Azizah Maulina Erzad
Keyword(s):  
Character Education ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The Family ◽  
Role Of Parents

<p>Abstract: THE PARENTS' ROLE IN EDUCATING CHILDREN SINCE<br />INFANCY IN THE FAMILY. The child is a boon and mandate entrusted by<br />God to His servant who will be asked for the responsibility in the Hereafter.<br />The obligation as a parent is to provide education to children starting from<br />an early age. The development of early childhood is strongly bound by the<br />environment and the family. This paper aims to describe the role of parents<br />to the education of children. The study in this paper uses literature study or<br />library research method. The result of this study is that family is the first<br />place where children get education. Children's character and personality is<br />formed first in the family. Parents should have a concept or provision in<br />educating their children that includes moral or character education,<br />science education, religious education, be fair to the children, and give<br />attention and affection to children. Parents become role models for their<br />children. Therefore, the role of parents is very important in the<br />development and formation of children's character from an early age.</p><p>Anak merupakan anugerah dan sekaligus amanah yang<br />dititipkan oleh Allah kepada hambaNya yang akan dimintai<br />pertanggungjawabannya di akhirat kelak. Kewajiban sebagai orang tua<br />adalah memberikan pendidikan kepada anak yang dimulai sejak usia<br />dini. Perkembangan pada anak usia dini sangat terikat oleh lingkungan<br />dan keluarganya. Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk menjabarkan peran orang<br />tua terhadap pendidikan anak. Kajian dalam tulisan ini menggunakan<br />metode studi kepustakaan (library research). Hasil dari kajian ini yaitu<br />bahwa keluarga merupakan tempat pertama dimana anak memperoleh<br />pendidikan. Karakter dan kepribadian anak dibentuk pertama kali di<br />dalam keluarga. Orang tua hendaknya memiliki konsep atau ketentuan<br />dalam mendidik anaknya yang meliputi pendidikan moral atau karakter,<br />pendidikan ilmu pengetahuan, pendidikan ilmu agama, bersikap adil<br />terhadap anak, serta memberikan perhatian dan kasih sayang kepada<br />anak. Orang tua menjadi suri tauladan bagi anak-anaknya. Oleh sebab itu<br />peran orang tua sangatlah penting dalam perkembangan dan<br />pembentukan karakter anak sejak dini.</p>

Searching for ‘success’: generation, gender and onward migration in the Iranian diaspora

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Young Age ◽  
Onward Migration ◽  
Social Fields ◽  
Transnational Social Fields ◽  
High Level ◽  
Iranian Diaspora

This article uses the concepts of ‘transnational social fields’ and ‘habitus’ to explore the multifaceted role families play in shaping the aspirations of onward migrating youth. The article draws on biographical life history interviews conducted with the children of Iranian migrants who were raised in Sweden but moved to London, UK as adults. The findings of the study suggest that from a young age, all the participants were pressured by their parents to perform well academically, and to achieve high level careers. These goals were easier to achieve in London than in Sweden for several reasons. Interestingly, however, participants’ understandings of what constituted success and their motivations for onward migration were nuanced and varied considerably by gender. The study contributes to an understanding of the role of multi-sited transnational social fields in shaping the aspirations of migrant youths, as well as the strategies taken up by these migrants to achieve their goals.

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