Speech reporting as a discourse strategy

1991 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Baynham
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Stylistic Variation ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Discourse Strategy

Abstract This paper examines approaches to the analysis of speech reporting, finding that these approaches fall into two broad categories: traditional approaches which emphasize the syntactic dimension of speech reporting and are informed by an autonomous model of language and discourse pragmatic approaches which emphasize the interaction of syntactic, pragmatic and stylistic factors in discourse. A model for speech reporting strategies in discourse is proposed, involving direct and indirect speech reporting strategies and a ‘lexicalization strategy’. Using this model, a number of approaches to the function of direct speech reporting strategies in the early stages of SLA are reviewed, which analyze the function of direct speech reporting as a ‘compensatory discourse strategy’, not as stylistic variation. It is argued that this analysis is informed by the traditional approach to speech reporting and does not take into account the ‘lexicalization strategy’. When the lexicalization strategy is considered, direct speech is found to function both referentially and stylistically in learner discourse. The argument is illustrated via an analysis of speech reporting in narrative in learner varieties of English and German.

scholarly journals PRINSIP KESANTUNAN BERDASARKAN MAKSIM LEECH DALAM KUMPULAN NASKAH DRAMA GENG TOILET KARYA SOSIAWAN LEAK DAN RELEVANSINYA SEBAGAI BAHAN AJAR TEKS DRAMA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Vinsca Sabrina Claudia ◽  
Ani Rakhmawati ◽  
Budi Waluyo
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Teaching Material ◽  
Teaching Materials ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

<em>The research aims to explain and describe (1) speech acts in the dialogue collection of  drama text Geng Toilet; (2) the principle of politeness in the dialogue collection of drama text Geng Toilet; (3) the relevance collection of drama text Geng Toilet as a teaching material for drama text in High School. The method use in this research is descriptive qualitative. The result of the research indicates the result of the research indicates the speech act in the collection of the drama text Geng Toilet based on speech that contains action include locution,illocution, and perlocution. While, speech acts based on the sentence mode include direct speech acts and indirect speech acts.Next, the principle of politeness in the dialogue collection of drama text Geng Toilet includes maxim of agreement or consent, maxim of generosity, maxim acceptance or praise or appreciation, maxim of humility or simplicity, and maxim of sympathy. the collection of drama text Geng Toilet can be  used  as a teaching materials for drama text in High School.</em>

Listening to Stones

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelos Chaniotis
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Dead Person ◽  
Emotional Language ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Public Demonstrations

This chapter explores how the gamut of responses to the presence of an inscription has to include not just sight and touch but also imagination and vocalisation. Being meant to be read aloud, they convey a reader's voice as well as that of the inscription itself or that of the dead person commemorated on a gravestone. Even more immediate is the potential impact when a person's actual words are preserved and displayed. They may be in direct speech, illustrated by letters and confessions, or in indirect speech as records of manumissions, minutes of meetings, or jokes. They may alternatively be performative speech, in the form of acclamations, formal declarations, oaths, prayers or hymns; and can equally be reports of oral events such as meetings or even public demonstrations. They can also be couched in various forms of emotional language, whether uttered by individuals (graffiti, prayers or the edicts of angry rulers) or more collectively and formally in secular or religious acclamations, and even in decrees of state. A final section emphasises the need for practitioners of the discipline of epigraphy to be missionaries — to spread the word about the value of visible words.

scholarly journals Nonparametric Tests for Convexity/Monotonicity/Positivity of Multivariate Functions with Noisy Observations

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Eunji Lim ◽  
Elizabeth Tavarez
Keyword(s):  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Positive Function ◽  
Nonparametric Tests ◽  
Multivariate Functions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Shape Characteristic ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
Traditional Approaches

We propose a new method of testing for a function's convexity, monotonicity, or positivity, based on some noisy observations of the function made over a finite set $\mathcal{T}$ of points in the domain, where the observations can be made multiple times at each point in $\mathcal{T}$. One of the traditional approaches to the test of a function's shape characteristic is to fit a convex, a monotone, or a positive function, depending on the shape characteristic we wish to test for, to the data set minimizing the sum of squared errors, and to compute the sum of squared differences (SSD) between the fit and the data set. While the traditional approach proceeds by observing the SSD as the number of points in $\mathcal{T}$ increases to infinity, we propose observing the SSD as $r$, the number of observations taken at each point in $\mathcal{T}$, increases to infinity. This new way of observing the asymptotic behavior of the SSD leads to a test procedure that does not require the estimation of any additional parameters, and hence, is easy to implement. The proposed test procedure is proven to achieve a prescribed power as $r \rightarrow \infty$. Numerical examples illustrate that the proposed test successfully detects the convexity/monotonicity/positivity of a function, as well as the non-convexity/non-monotonicity/non-positivity of a function.

A robotic Intelligent Towing Tank for learning complex fluid-structure dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
pp. eaay5063 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Fan ◽  
G. Jodin ◽  
T. R. Consi ◽  
L. Bonfiglio ◽  
Y. Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
High Dimensions ◽  
Towing Tank ◽  
Sequential Hypothesis ◽  
Sequential Hypothesis Testing ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
New Generation

We describe the development of the Intelligent Towing Tank, an automated experimental facility guided by active learning to conduct a sequence of vortex-induced vibration (VIV) experiments, wherein the parameters of each next experiment are selected by minimizing suitable acquisition functions of quantified uncertainties. This constitutes a potential paradigm shift in conducting experimental research, where robots, computers, and humans collaborate to accelerate discovery and to search expeditiously and effectively large parametric spaces that are impracticable with the traditional approach of sequential hypothesis testing and subsequent train-and-error execution. We describe how our research parallels efforts in other fields, providing an orders-of-magnitude reduction in the number of experiments required to explore and map the complex hydrodynamic mechanisms governing the fluid-elastic instabilities and resulting nonlinear VIV responses. We show the effectiveness of the methodology of “explore-and-exploit” in parametric spaces of high dimensions, which are intractable with traditional approaches of systematic parametric variation in experimentation. We envision that this active learning approach to experimental research can be used across disciplines and potentially lead to physical insights and a new generation of models in multi-input/multi-output nonlinear systems.

Characteristic Values in the Scaling of Differential Equations in Engineering

2010 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio F. Mendez
Keyword(s):  
Exact Solution ◽  
Scaling Laws ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Heat Transfer Fluid ◽  
Estimation Errors ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Coupled Heat Transfer ◽  
Computational Implementation ◽  
Characteristic Values ◽  
Traditional Approaches

This work introduces, for the first time, a formal approach to the estimation of characteristic values of differential and other related expressions in the scaling of engineering problems. The methodology introduced aims at overcoming the inability of the traditional approach to match the exact solution of asymptotic cases. This limitation of the traditional approach often leaves in doubt whether the scaling laws obtained actually represent the desired phenomena. The formal approach presented yields estimates with smaller error than traditional approaches; these improved estimates converge to the exact solution in simple asymptotic cases and do not diverge from the exact solution in cases in which the error of traditional approaches is unbounded. The significance of this contribution is that it extends the range of applicability of scaling estimates to problems for which traditional approaches were deemed unreliable, for example, cases in which the curvature of functions is large, or complex cases in which the accumulation of estimation errors exceeds reasonable limits. This research is part of a larger effort towards a computational implementation of scaling, and it is especially valuable for approximating multicoupled, multiphysics problems in continuum mechanics (e.g., coupled heat transfer, fluid flow, and electromagnetics) that are often difficult to analyze numerically or empirically.

Indirect Speech and Its Predicates in Korean

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 97-112
Author(s):  
Nam-Kil Kim
Keyword(s):  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech

The purpose of this paper is to investigate indirect speech and its predicates in Korean. Section 1 deals with differences between indirect speech and direct speech. Section 2 discusses the structural status of indirect speech. Section 3 describes types of predicates and examines their syntactic and semantic characteristics.

scholarly journals Biblical Evaluative Discourse of Speech and Thought Presentation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Riyadh T. K. Al-Ameedi ◽  
Sadiq M. K. Al Shamiri
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Direct Speech ◽  
Indirect Speech ◽  
Narrative Report

The study aims to highlight the evaluative strategies associated with the Biblical modes of speech and thought presentation. An eclectic pragma-stylistic model of analysis is developed to test the validity of the hypotheses that the targeted modes of discourse are almost always internally and/or externally evaluated by the narrator, and that the reportive modes of speech and thought are evaluative in respect to the quotative modes. The study arrived to the conclusion that different modes of speech and thought are exploited in building narrative genres. These modes form two interrelated types of discourse: quotative and reportive. Four modes contribute to the occurrence of the quotative discourse which are direct speech, free direct speech, direct thought, and free direct thought. The reportive discourse occurs when using one of the reportive modes which include indirect speech, free indirect speech, narrative report of speech act, narrator’s representation of voice, indirect thought, free indirect thought, narrative report of thought act, and internal narration. When employed in the targeted Biblical discourse, the quotative and reportive modes are often evaluated by the Biblical narrator. Evaluations of this kind implicate additional meanings and affect reader’s interpretation of the represented speeches or thoughts. The Biblical reportive modes are often evaluative in respect to the quotative ones. The Biblical narrator’s internal, external, and interactional evaluative strategies contribute to the occurrence of the Biblical evaluative discourse of speech and thought presentation. 

A Testability and Observability Framework to Assure Traceability Requirements on System of Systems

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Morales Trujillo ◽  
Miguel Ángel Olivero González ◽  
Francisco José Domínguez Mayo ◽  
Julián Alberto García García ◽  
Manuel Mejías Risoto
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproduction ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
System Of Systems ◽  
Continuous Integration ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Full Coverage ◽  
Digital World ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Future Work

The advance in the digital world has caused a growth of complexity in innovation. Traditional approaches to innovation, based on reductionism, face greater difficulties. That is why we have witnessed the growth of those known as System of Systems (SoS). There is a wide variety of methodologies and domains of application in the literature to form framed solutions in the context of SoS, but there is no unified consensus for its use and even less when it comes to agile environments of continuous integration and deployment in which traceability requirements are critical. In recent years, the need to have traceability software that continuously records and monitors the trace of the entities that interact with it has become an essential feature. In addition, over the years there has been evidence of errors caused by poor traceability control. Therefore, this document presents an agile framework that aims to guarantee the traceability of a SoS from the early stages. This framework unifies the discovery, development and operations, providing full coverage in the conformation of the solution. Finally, we present a case study as future work, which is based on the application of our framework on smart laboratories for assisted reproduction.

scholarly journals Bobath and traditional approaches in post-stroke gait rehabilitation in adults

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Mikołajewska
Keyword(s):  
Stride Length ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Gait Velocity ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Gait Parameters ◽  
Effective Form ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Traditional Approaches

Summary Study aim: The aim of this study was to compare the outcomes of a study of post-stroke gait reeducation using the Bobath neuro‑developmental treatment (NDT-Bobath) method and the traditional approach.Material and methods: The study included 30 adult patients after ischemic stroke, aged 32-82. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the treatment groups: the study group (treated with the NDT-Bobath method combined with the traditional approach, ten sessions), and a reference group (treated with the traditional method only, ten sessions). The measurements (spatio-temporal gait parameters based on 10 m walking test: gait velocity, normalized gait velocity, cadence, normalized cadence, stride length, and normalized stride length) were administered twice: on admission (before the therapy) and after the last therapy session.Results: Statistically significant and favorable changes in the gait velocity, cadence and stride length regarding their normalized values were observed. Moderate and high correlations among changes of assessed spatio-temporal gait parameters were observed in both groups.Conclusions: The NDT-Bobath method may be regarded as a more effective form of gait post-stroke rehabilitation in young adults compared to traditional rehabilitation.

scholarly journals Penyelenggaraan Pengobatan Tradisional di Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Ni Putu Sri Wahyuni
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Treatment Approach ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Biomedical Science ◽  
Health Treatment ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Traditional Approaches

<p><em>The implementation of health services is very important in supporting public health. Treatment with traditional approaches as part of current efforts is often found in Indonesia as part of alternative or complementary health therapies along with conventional health services that can be directed to create a holistic or holistic healthy society. Health is meant to be physically, psychologically, mentally and spiritually healthy. In its application, traditional health has developed into Empirical Traditional Health Services, whose benefits and safety are empirically proven; and Complementary Traditional Health Services, whose benefits and safety are scientifically proven and utilize biomedical science. Based on the method of treatment, Complementary Empirical Traditional Health Services and Traditional Health Services are divided into services that use skills and services that use ingredients or herbs. The traditional approach to treatment is more holistic (whole), while the treatment approach is symptomatic (therapeutic focus is on the symptoms caused). Meanwhile, the implementation process and regulations related to traditional medicine in Indonesia are currently regulated in the Act, the Minister of Health, and the Governor's Regulation.</em></p><p> </p><p><strong><em> </em></strong></p>

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