Heterodoridae: Cactodera, Globodera, Heterodera and Punctodera species.
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Abstract This chapter provides information on geographical distribution; host plants; symptoms; biology and life cycle; economic importance; movement and means of dispersal; pest risk analysis; invasiveness rating; management measures; and detailed account of diagnosis procedures, such as morphological, biochemical, and molecular characterization, of Cactodera, Globodera, Heterodera and Punctodera species.
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