scholarly journals Incorporation of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 787-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pérez-Gálvez ◽  
Hans D. Martin ◽  
Helmut Sies ◽  
Wilhelm Stahl
Keyword(s):  
Lower Risk ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Paprika Oleoresin ◽  
Overnight Fasting ◽  
Carotenoid Absorption ◽  
Chronic Disorders ◽  
Β Carotene

The intake of a carotenoid-rich diet is epidemiologically related to a lower risk for different chronic disorders like cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer or age-related macular degeneration. Red pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) and its dietary products contain a variety of carotenoids, which may contribute to the carotenoid pattern of human blood and tissues. The objective of the present study was to assess the availability of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin, including zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and the paprika-specific oxocarotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin. After overnight fasting, the volunteers (n9) ingested a single dose of the paprika oleoresin containing 6·4 mg zeaxanthin, 4·2 mg β-cryptoxanthin, 6·2 mg β-carotene, 35·0 mg capsanthin and 2·0 mg capsorubin. At different time points the carotenoid pattern in the chylomicron fraction was analysed to evaluate carotenoid absorption. From the major carotenoids present in the paprika oleoresin only zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were detectable in considerable amounts. Although the xanthophylls in paprika oleoresin were mainly present as mono- or di-esters, only free zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found in human samples. The bioavailability of the pepper-specific carotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika oleoresin is very low. However, oleoresin is a suitable source for the provitamin A carotenoids β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and the macular pigment zeaxanthin.

Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

2014 ◽  
Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 25-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangwen Tang
Keyword(s):  
Stable Isotope ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Plant Food ◽  
Plant Foods ◽  
A Value ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Humans need vitamin A and obtain essential vitamin A by conversion of plant foods rich in provitamin A and/or absorption of preformed vitamin A from foods of animal origin. The determination of the vitamin A value of plant foods rich in provitamin A is important but has challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over last 80 years following the discovery on the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the various techniques including stable isotope technologies that have been developed to determine vitamin A values of plant provitamin A (mainly β-carotene). These include applications from using radioactive β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene, and measuring postprandial chylomicron fractions after feeding a β-carotene rich diet, to using stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of plant food provitamin A carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) in humans. These approaches have greatly promoted our understanding of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A. Stable isotope labeled plant foods are useful for determining the overall bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from specific foods. Locally obtained plant foods can provide vitamin A and prevent deficiency of vitamin A, a remaining worldwide concern.

scholarly journals Climate Change Enhanced Carotenoid Pro-Vitamin A Levels of Selected Plantain Cultivars

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beloved Mensah Dzomeku ◽  
Julian P. Wald ◽  
Jens Norbert Wünsche ◽  
Donatus Nohr ◽  
Hans K. Biesalski
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Carotene Content ◽  
Uv Index ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Micronutrient Intake ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Β Carotene

Diet diversification and the exploitation of traditional, micronutrient-rich germplasm of staple crops are generally regarded as sustainable and low-cost approaches to increase the micronutrient intake of resource-poor people. Sun’s UV index was collected daily throughout the year. The study assessed the seasonality of provitamin A carotenoids in three plantain cultivars in response to climatic condition. Fruits were harvested at three maturities and freeze-dried before analysis. The results showed that there were high levels of the sun’s UV-B radiations throughout the year with the highest occurring from November to May when the area experienced clear skies with minimal cloud cover. These high levels of the sun’s UV-B index occurred between 9.00 h GMT and 17.00 h GMT. The study also showed that α-carotene content increased with maturity in “Apantu” during the rainy seasons ranging from 95 to 172 μg/100 g of dry pulp. Similar trends were observed during the dry season with a range of 28 to 489 μg/100 g. The α-carotene contents were very high in the periods of high sun’s UV-B radiations compared to the periods of low sun’s UV-B radiations. The α-carotene levels in the giant French plantains showed similar trends. Intermediate French “Oniaba” and False Horn “Apantu” plantain cultivar showed the highest content of β-carotene during the dry season. The high provitamin A carotenoid levels in the cultivars coincided with the high levels of the sun’s UV index.

scholarly journals Extraction and Analysis by HPLC-DAD of Carotenoids in Human Faeces from Spanish Adults

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 484
Author(s):  
Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽  
Beatriz Beltrán-de-Miguel ◽  
Kerly X. Samaniego-Aguilar ◽  
Milagros Sánchez-Prieto ◽  
Rocío Estévez-Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Carotenoid Concentration ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Human Faeces ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Food Records ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are bioactive compounds with widely accepted health benefits. Their quantification in human faeces can be a useful non-invasive approach to assess their bioavailability. Identification and quantification of major dietary carotenoids in human faeces was the aim of the present study. Faeces and dietary intake were obtained from 101 healthy adults (45–65 years). Carotenoid concentrations were determined by HPLC in faeces and by 3-day food records in dietary intake. Carotenoids quantified in faeces (μg/g dry weight, median) were: β-carotene (39.5), lycopene (20), lutein (17.5), phytoene (11.4), zeaxanthin (6.3), β-cryptoxanthin (4.5), phytofluene (2.9). α-carotene (5.3) and violaxanthin were found 75.5% and 7.1% of the faeces. The carotenoids found in the highest concentrations corresponded to the ones consumed in the greatest amounts (μg/d): lycopene (13,146), phytoene (2697), β-carotene (1812), lutein+zeaxanthin (1148). Carotenoid concentration in faeces and in dietary intake showed correlation for the total non-provitamin A carotenoids (r = 0.302; p = 0.003), phytoene (r = 0.339; p = 0.001), phytofluene (r = 0.279; p = 0.005), lycopene (0.223; p = 0.027), lutein+zeaxanthin (r = 0.291; p = 0.04) and β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.323; p = 0.001). A high proportion of dietary carotenoids, especially those with provitamin A activity and some of their isomers, reach the large intestine, suggesting a low bioavailability of their intact forms.

Determinants and Determination of Carotenoid Bioavailability from Infant Food Formulas and Adult Nutritionals Including Liquid Dairy Products

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 (4) ◽  
pp. 1044-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Bohn
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Effects ◽  
Retinoic Acid Receptor ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Infant Food ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Protein Rich ◽  
Β Carotene

Abstract Carotenoids are typically tetraterpenoid phytochemicals that cannot be synthesized by humans, some of which such as β-carotene can be metabolized into vitamin A. Sufficient carotenoid intake and tissue levels have been associated with several health benefits including the reduction of cardiovascular diseases and some types of cancer and also the amelioration of age-related macular degeneration. Carotenoids and their metabolites have also been related to reduced inflammation and oxidative stress via interacting with transcription factors, such as NF-κB and Nrf-2, as well as with the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor, implicated in immune functions and cellular differentiation. Therefore, carotenoids are important for growth and development. They could mark beneficial constituents in infant food formulas and adult nutritionals, the latter typically constituting protein-rich liquid foods targeting meal replacements. Carotenoids may be present by nature (typically below 20 μg/100 mL) or following fortification (up to 200 μg/100 mL), such as for lutein and β-carotene. However, carotenoid bioavailability may be low and variable, especially in low-fat items. Although most infant foods and adult nutritionals are rich in lipids and proteins, facilitating absorption and availability of carotenoids, unfortunately, very little data is available. In addition, carotenoid detection for such lipid-rich matrices may be challenging as a result of low concentrations and matrix effects. This review aims to highlight considerations for carotenoid bioavailability from infant food formula and adult nutritionals as well as summarize detection methods for carotenoids from these items.

Retinol-deficient rats can convert a pharmacological dose of astaxanthin to retinol: antioxidant potential of astaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene

2010 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 977-985 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. K. Sangeetha ◽  
V. Baskaran
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Peanut Oil ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Monooxygenase Activity ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
Β Carotene

Retinol (ROH) and provitamin-A carotenoids are recommended to treat ROH deficiency. Xanthophyll carotenoids, being potent antioxidants, can modulate health disorders. We hypothesize that nonprovitamin-A carotenoids may yield ROH and suppress lipid peroxidation under ROH deficiency. This study aimed to (i) study the possible bioconversion of astaxanthin and lutein to ROH similar to β-carotene and (ii) determine the antioxidant potential of these carotenoids with reference to Na+/K+-ATPase, antioxidant molecules, and lipid peroxidation (Lpx) induced by ROH deficiency in rats. ROH deficiency was induced in rats (n = 5 per group) by feeding a diet devoid of ROH. Retinol-deficient (RD) rats were gavaged with astaxanthin, lutein, β-carotene, or peanut oil alone (RD group) for 7 days. Results show that the RD group had lowered plasma ROH levels (0.3 µmol/L), whereas ROH rose in astaxanthin and β-carotene groups (4.9 and 5.7 µmol/L, respectively), which was supported by enhanced (69% and 70%) intestinal β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase activity. Astaxanthin, lutein, and β-carotene lowered Lpx by 45%, 41%, and 40% (plasma), respectively, and 59%, 64%, and 60% (liver), respectively, compared with the RD group. Lowered Na+/K+-ATPase and enhanced superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase activities support the lowered Lpx. To conclude, this report confirms that astaxanthin is converted into β-carotene and ROH in ROH-deficient rats, and the antioxidant potential of carotenoids was in the order astaxanthin > lutein > β-carotene.

Retention of Provitamin A Carotenoids in High β-Carotene Maize (Zea mays) During Traditional African Household Processing

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (26) ◽  
pp. 10744-10750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanshan Li ◽  
Francis A. K. Tayie ◽  
Melissa F. Young ◽  
Torbert Rocheford ◽  
Wendy S. White
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Β Carotene ◽  
Household Processing

scholarly journals Provitamin a biofortification in maize through genetic engineering and marker-assisted selection

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Duc Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Marker Assisted Selection ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Provitamin A ◽  
Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Β Carotene

Maize is an important cereal in the global economy, which feeds one-third of the world’s population and is the third largest food crop after wheat and rice. Nutritional quality of most maize varieties is very low due to the lack of lysine and tryptophan and extremely low provitamin A carotenoids including α-carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin. Therefore, one of the solutions to improve nutritional value in maize is to improve provitamin A carotenoids contents. Many efforts have been made to produce maize plants with enhanced provitamin A carotenoids, especially, β -carotene. This article aims to review the research towards provitamin A biofortification through genetic engineering and marker-assisted selection. The published results and our recent achievements open the window for the improvement of provitamin A carotenoids in maize as well as the issues that need the further investigation. 

scholarly journals Association between Metformin and a Lower Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Yen Chen ◽  
Ying-Cheng Shen ◽  
Yun-Ju Lai ◽  
Chun-Yuan Wang ◽  
Keng-Hung Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽  
Metformin Treatment ◽  
Matched Sample ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Metformin Group

Purpose. This population-based, retrospective cohort study was to investigate whether metformin is associated with a lower risk of subsequent age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods. Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database from 2001 to 2013, 68205 subjects with type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the study cohort. Among them, 45524 were metformin users and 22681 were nonusers. The metformin and nonmetformin groups were followed until the end of 2013. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for AMD development associated with metformin use. Confounders included for adjustment were age, sex, and comorbidities (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, obesity, diabetic retinopathy, chronic kidney disease, and insulin treatment). Furthermore, propensity score (PS) matching method was used to choose the matched sample, and PS-adjusted Cox regression was performed. Finally, how HRs changed according to metformin treatment duration and dose was also evaluated in the metformin group. Results. After adjusting for confounders, the metformin group had a significantly lower risk of AMD (adjusted HR = 0.54; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50–0.58). In the PS-matched sample, the significance remained (adjusted HR = 0.57; 95% CI, 0.52–0.63). In the metformin group, the adjusted HRs for the second (1.5–4 years) and third (≥4 years) tertiles of metformin treatment duration were 0.52 and 0.14, respectively, compared with the first tertile (<1.5 years). We also found significant trends of lower HRs (all p-value for trend <0.05) with increasing total and average doses. Conclusions. Among patients with type 2 diabetes, those who use metformin are at a significantly lower risk of developing AMD relative to individuals who do not use metformin. Also, the trend of a significantly lower AMD risk was found with a higher dose of metformin.

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