Human Capital Attainment and Female Labor Force Participation—The Kerala Puzzle

2006 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 779-798 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna Mitra ◽  
Pooja Singh
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor

scholarly journals Human Capital and Endogenous Growth: Incorporating the Role of Unemployment in Determining Returns

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-262
Author(s):  
Hina Ali ◽  
Saadia Irshad ◽  
Maria Shams Khakwani ◽  
Tayyaba Naveed
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Female Labor

This study reported the returns to Human Capital in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the returns to human capital. In Pakistan, the level of output is dependent on manpower. Human Capital is a significant contributor in the way to betterment in the economic condition. In this study, time series data is used, and co-integration is applied for the empirical estimation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education, mortality, enrolment, unemployment, and age are the core variables of the research. Education has a positive impact on productivity. An increase in education level raises the female labor force participation in Pakistan. The presence of children decreases the early age participation in the labor market. The result shows that when the education level is increased, it boosts the economic activity, and the female labor force participation is the main reason that is increasing its likelihood. It is recommended that government should provide better facilities of education to enhance the female force participation in the labor market in the case of developing countries, by providing the best grades and tasks to the human beings both male and female, thus the level of returns by human capital utilization may increase.

scholarly journals Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan: A Case of Punjab

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safana Shaheen ◽  
Masood Sarwar Awan .
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labor Force ◽  
Family Size ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Female Labor ◽  
Income Family

The present study is an effort to investigate the patterns of female labor force participation in case of Pakistan. In particular, the study analyzed the determinants of female labor force participation decision. The study utilized Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2007-08 data of Punjab. Education is used as a direct human capital variable while; age is a proxy of human capital. The variables used in the analysis are female labour force participation, age, age square, marital status, area, female monthly income, family monthly income, family size, household head education, different classes of female education and employment status. To remove the selectivity bias, the study used Heckman’s (1979) two step procedure. Results of Logit model depicts that household head education, primary, middle, matric & mudrassa education level negatively related with the decision of female labor force participation while, decision towards participation is strong if female belonged to urban area, if she is married, if she has higher education, and if she has large family size. By using ordinary Least Square Method we estimated the earning function. Coefficient of age shows a substantial increase in the wages with each additional year spent. The sign of age square is negative which is according to our expectation and implying the concavity of earning function. Moreover, as the level of education increase the returns to each year of education also increases. In different occupational status females earns more if they are employee, employer or self employed than labourer (a reference category); while female earns less if they belonged to agricultural sector or other sectors than labourer. Married females earn more than others. The respondents’ belonged to urban areas earn more than rural respondents. Moreover, household head education and family size are positively significantly related with female earnings.

Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan

10.1596/30197 ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saman Amir ◽  
Aphichoke Kotikula ◽  
Rohini P. Pande ◽  
Laurent Loic Yves Bossavie ◽  
Upasana Khadka
Keyword(s):  
Labor Force ◽  
Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor Force Participation ◽  
Female Labor
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