Role of Female Labor Force Participation in Child Health

The objective of the study is to investigate the impact of female labor force participation on child (under 5-years of age) health in Pakistan. Child health was gauged through child immunization coverage status measured by recording receipt of 22 doses of eight basic vaccines. A micro data set (i.e., 5872 children) from Pakistan Demographic Health Survey (PDHS) 2017-2018 was utilized for the study. As per recommendations of the World Health Organization, if a child had received all the 22 doses of those eight important vaccinations, he/she was assumed as highly immunized, and vice versa. The impact of mothers’ employment and other explanatory variables, on child health, was investigated using Ordered logistic regression. The child with higher birth order (OR = 0.927; p-value = 0.000), the child of not-working mother (OR = 0.829; p-value = 0.012), the child of illiterate mothers (OR = 0.606; p-value = 0.000), the child of the mother having no own mobile phone (OR = 0.793; p-value = 0.000), and the child belonged to the poorest family (OR = 0.535; p-value = 0.000) had less likelihood of immunization coverage. Mother’s age (OR = 1.055; p-value = 0.005), number of ANC visits made by the mother (OR = 0.925; p-value = 0.000), and male gender of the child (OR = 1.086; p-value = 0.082) had more probabilities for child immunization coverage. Hence, there is a need to alleviate poverty and gender discrimination as well as to create opportunities to increase female education, awareness, and labor force participation for better outcomes relating to child health.

The Intergenerational Transmission of Female Labour Force Participation by Gender among Native and Immigrant Europeans: A Focus on Religion

The aim of this paper is to explore the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation from mothers to children. Using data collected by the European Social Survey from 2002 to 2018 (N = 118,219), we analyse four different samples of native and immigrant women and men in order to assess the relationship between working mothers and their daughters and sons' wives participation to the labour market. For both native and immigrant women, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability they were employed at the time of survey. Similarly, for both native and immigrant men, having had their mothers employed when the respondents were 14 was associated with higher probability their wives were employed at the time of the survey. We concentrate our attention on the role of religion. We find that religiosity is negatively related to the participation of women in the labour market, with differences between those who had a working mother and those who had not. Results of some augmented models indicate that the intergenerational transmission of female labor force participation varies according to religious affiliation.

Influence of Capital Markets, Inflation, and Demographics on the Growth of Pension Fund Assets in the State Organization of Islamic Cooperation

The percentage of pension receipts that is still low is experienced by many developing countries in the continent of Asia and Africa in terms of providing pension funds for their citizens. This study seeks to analyze the effect of growth in pension fund assets in OIC member countries. The measurement of the growth of pension fund assets is viewed through the aspects of the number of stock traded, the equity index, the inflation rate, male labor force participation, female labor force participation, the working age, and the retirement age. In addition, this study uses a panel data regression analysis method with the period 2010 to 2019. The results show that there are variables of male labor force participation, female labor force participation, working-age, and retirement age that have a significant effect. Male labor force participation, working-age, and retirement age have a positive effect on the growth of pension fund assets, while female labor force participation has a negative effect on pension fund assets. It can be said that the demographic aspects can influence the growth of pension fund assets in OIC member countries in the period 2010 to 2019.

ANALYSIS OF FEMALE LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION (FLFP) IN EAST JAVA

Employment has an important role to support a certain economy. The number of female workers have increased every year, due to family welfare fulfillment and female role shifting as a head of households. This paper aims to observe the driving factors of female labor force participation in East Java-Indonesia. Logit model is incorporated to estimate the parameters which involved total sample of 23.218 women in productive age which consist of 13.473 working women and the rest of 9.745 non working women in East Java. On the basis of micro data level from National Labor Force Survey (Sakernas) 2018, the result shows that age, education level, marital status, head of the household status, household size, rural-urban location, and income have a substantial effect on FLFP in East Java. Keywords: FLFP, Employment Status, Work Decision, Logit Model. JEL: J01, J20, J21.

Does universal long-term care insurance boost female labor force participation? Macro-level evidence

Although a public long-term care (LTC) program is a potentially important factor for the labor supply of female informal caregivers, there are only a handful of individual-level studies on this topic and the macro-level impacts of LTC programs are still largely unknown. Exploiting the introduction of nationwide long-term care insurance (LTCI) in Japan and utilizing a synthetic control method, we examine how LTCI introduction has altered the trends of public expenditures on in-kind benefits for the elderly, public health expenditure, and female labor force participation. The estimation results using the panel data of OECD countries (1980–2013) suggest that LTCI introduction substantially increased the in-kind benefits for the elderly by around one percentage point of GDP 10 years after LTCI introduction, but we do not find a positive effect on the labor force participation for middle-aged women. The fact that we do not observe any positive LTCI effects on middle-aged female labor force participation on a macro level implies that positive LTCI effects on female labor supply observed in some previous microlevel studies may be cancelled out by some other factors or are small enough to be detected under a general-equilibrium setting.

Human Capital and Endogenous Growth: Incorporating the Role of Unemployment in Determining Returns

This study reported the returns to Human Capital in Pakistan. The main purpose of this study is to estimate the returns to human capital. In Pakistan, the level of output is dependent on manpower. Human Capital is a significant contributor in the way to betterment in the economic condition. In this study, time series data is used, and co-integration is applied for the empirical estimation. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), education, mortality, enrolment, unemployment, and age are the core variables of the research. Education has a positive impact on productivity. An increase in education level raises the female labor force participation in Pakistan. The presence of children decreases the early age participation in the labor market. The result shows that when the education level is increased, it boosts the economic activity, and the female labor force participation is the main reason that is increasing its likelihood. It is recommended that government should provide better facilities of education to enhance the female force participation in the labor market in the case of developing countries, by providing the best grades and tasks to the human beings both male and female, thus the level of returns by human capital utilization may increase.