Animal Models Used in Identifying Gender-Related Differences

There is general agreement in the scientific community on the need to identify appropriate animal models that can be used to screen for gender-based differences. At the same time, there is a growing expectation for data from these models to mimic or be more predictive of the human experience. The species in this review will include nonhuman primates, rats, mice, rabbits, swine, hamsters, gerbils, quail, and fish. Although some of the models are unique, the gender-related differences, in most instances, may be correlated with man, due to the conservation of biological systems across species.

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Monkey Models of Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.02850-14 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 83 (3) ◽

pp. 852-862 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

Juliet C. Peña ◽

Wen-Zhe Ho

Keyword(s):

Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽

Animal Models ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Preclinical Testing ◽

Content Type ◽

Cynomolgus Macaques ◽

Drug Regimens

The use of animal models has been invaluable for studying the pathogenesis ofMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection, as well as for testing the efficacy of vaccines and drug regimens for tuberculosis. Among the applied animal models, nonhuman primates, particularly macaques, share the greatest anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. As such, macaque models have been used for investigating tuberculosis pathogenesis and preclinical testing of drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on published major studies which illustrate how the rhesus and cynomolgus macaques have enriched and may continue to advance the field of global tuberculosis research.

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Introduction

Reflections on the Musical Mind ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691157443.003.0001 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Jay Schulkin

Keyword(s):

Embodied Cognition ◽

Human Development ◽

Biological Systems ◽

Human Experience ◽

Social Neuroscience ◽

Musical Expression ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Social Nature ◽

Cognitive Revolution

This book traces the origins of music, from the appearance of the relevant anatomical features, to the development of diverse forms of biological systems that figure in musical expression. It considers how music reflects our social nature and is tied to other instrumental expression in the adaptation to changing circumstances. It shows that expectancy and violations of those musical expectations linked to memory and human development are critical features in the aesthetics of musical sensibility (like other avenues of human experience). The book also examines how music is connected to movement and dance. This introduction provides an overview of the “cognitive revolution” and the emergence of a discipline called “social neuroscience,” as well as Leonard Meyer's theory of music drawn from a pragmatism based in C. S. Peirce and John Dewey's notion of inquiry. It also explains how action and embodied cognition are related to music.

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Coxiella burnetii Intratracheal Aerosol Infection Model in Mice, Guinea Pigs, and Nonhuman Primates

Infection and Immunity ◽

10.1128/iai.00178-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 87 (12) ◽

Author(s):

A. E. Gregory ◽

E. J. van Schaik ◽

K. E. Russell-Lodrigue ◽

A. P. Fratzke ◽

J. E. Samuel

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Coxiella Burnetii ◽

Guinea Pigs ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Q Fever ◽

Febrile Illness ◽

Cell Vaccine ◽

Infection Model ◽

Atypical Pneumonia ◽

Content Type

ABSTRACT Coxiella burnetii, the etiological agent of Q fever, is a Gram-negative bacterium transmitted to humans by inhalation of contaminated aerosols. Acute Q fever is often self-limiting, presenting as a febrile illness that can result in atypical pneumonia. In some cases, Q fever becomes chronic, leading to endocarditis that can be life threatening. The formalin-inactivated whole-cell vaccine (WCV) confers long-term protection but has significant side effects when administered to presensitized individuals. Designing new vaccines against C. burnetii remains a challenge and requires the use of clinically relevant modes of transmission in appropriate animal models. We have developed a safe and reproducible C. burnetii aerosol challenge in three different animal models to evaluate the effects of pulmonary acquired infection. Using a MicroSprayer aerosolizer, BL/6 mice and Hartley guinea pigs were infected intratracheally with C. burnetii Nine Mile phase I (NMI) and demonstrated susceptibility as determined by measuring bacterial growth in the lungs and subsequent dissemination to the spleen. Histological analysis of lung tissue showed significant pathology associated with disease, which was more severe in guinea pigs. Infection using large-particle aerosol (LPA) delivery was further confirmed in nonhuman primates, which developed fever and pneumonia. We also demonstrate that vaccinating mice and guinea pigs with WCV prior to LPA challenge is capable of eliciting protective immunity that significantly reduces splenomegaly and the bacterial burden in spleen and lung tissues. These data suggest that these models can have appreciable value in using the LPA delivery system to study pulmonary Q fever pathogenesis as well as designing vaccine countermeasures to C. burnetii aerosol transmission.

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Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity

Journal of Virology ◽

10.1128/jvi.00009-17 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (8) ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Thomas E. Morrison ◽

Michael S. Diamond

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Congenital Malformations ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Reproductive Tract ◽

Sexual Transmission ◽

Rapid Testing ◽

Zikv Infection ◽

Male Reproductive Tract

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus that now causes epidemics affecting millions of people on multiple continents. The virus has received global attention because of some of its unusual epidemiological and clinical features, including persistent infection in the male reproductive tract and sexual transmission, an ability to cross the placenta during pregnancy and infect the developing fetus to cause congenital malformations, and its association with Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults. This past year has witnessed an intensive effort by the global scientific community to understand the biology of ZIKV and to develop pathogenesis models for the rapid testing of possible countermeasures. Here, we review the recent advances in and utility and limitations of newly developed mouse and nonhuman primate models of ZIKV infection and pathogenesis.

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Utility of Animal Models for Human Embryo Culture: Nonhuman Primates

Embryo Culture ◽

10.1007/978-1-61779-971-6_4 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 39-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Calvin Simerly ◽

Gerald Schatten

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Embryo Culture ◽

Human Embryo ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Human Embryo Culture

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Cannabis and Endocrine system: A narrative review

Journal of Psychiatrists Association of Nepal ◽

10.3126/jpan.v7i2.24608 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 5-15

Author(s):

P. Sharma ◽

Y.P.S. Balhara

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

East Asia ◽

Scientific Community ◽

Active Component ◽

Endocrine System ◽

Organ System ◽

Narrative Review ◽

South East Asia ◽

Endocrine Effects ◽

System A

Cannabis is one of the most abused substances worldwide. The active component of cannabis is THC which has multiple effects in the endocrine system in both animal models and humans. The interest of scientific community in endocrine effects of cannabis is recent. We present a narrative review of endocrine effects of cannabis in different organ system along with description of possible mechanism both in the animal models and as well as in humans. We also highlight the need of research in this area especially in the population of South East Asia.

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Looking into a Deluded Brain through a Neuroimaging Lens

The Neuroscientist ◽

10.1177/1073858420936172 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107385842093617

Author(s):

Shokouh Arjmand ◽

Kristi A. Kohlmeier ◽

Mina Behzadi ◽

Mehran Ilaghi ◽

Shahrzad Mazhari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Animal Models ◽

Cognitive Modeling ◽

Human Experience ◽

Common Symptom ◽

Brain Disorders ◽

False Beliefs ◽

The Neural Networks ◽

The Brain

Delusions are irrational, tenacious, and incorrigible false beliefs that are the most common symptom of a range of brain disorders including schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s disease. In the case of schizophrenia and other primary delusional disorders, their appearance is often how the disorder is first detected and can be sufficient for diagnosis. At this time, not much is known about the brain dysfunctions leading to delusions, and hindering our understanding is that the complexity of the nature of delusions, and their very unique relevance to the human experience has hampered elucidation of their underlying neurobiology using either patients or animal models. Advances in neuroimaging along with improved psychiatric and cognitive modeling offers us a new opportunity to look with more investigative power into the deluded brain. In this article, based on data obtained from neuroimaging studies, we have attempted to draw a picture of the neural networks involved when delusion is present and evaluate whether different manifestations of delusions engage different regions of the brain.

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Evidence of a wide gap between COVID-19 in humans and animal models: a systematic review

Critical Care ◽

10.1186/s13054-020-03304-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Salleh N. Ehaideb ◽

Mashan L. Abdullah ◽

Bisher Abuyassin ◽

Abderrezak Bouchama

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Full Recovery ◽

Severe Illness ◽

Original Research ◽

Lung Pathology ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure ◽

Wide Gap

Abstract Background Animal models of COVID-19 have been rapidly reported after the start of the pandemic. We aimed to assess whether the newly created models reproduce the full spectrum of human COVID-19. Methods We searched the MEDLINE, as well as BioRxiv and MedRxiv preprint servers for original research published in English from January 1 to May 20, 2020. We used the search terms (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV-2) AND (animal models), (hamsters), (nonhuman primates), (macaques), (rodent), (mice), (rats), (ferrets), (rabbits), (cats), and (dogs). Inclusion criteria were the establishment of animal models of COVID-19 as an endpoint. Other inclusion criteria were assessment of prophylaxis, therapies, or vaccines, using animal models of COVID-19. Result Thirteen peer-reviewed studies and 14 preprints met the inclusion criteria. The animals used were nonhuman primates (n = 13), mice (n = 7), ferrets (n = 4), hamsters (n = 4), and cats (n = 1). All animals supported high viral replication in the upper and lower respiratory tract associated with mild clinical manifestations, lung pathology, and full recovery. Older animals displayed relatively more severe illness than the younger ones. No animal models developed hypoxemic respiratory failure, multiple organ dysfunction, culminating in death. All species elicited a specific IgG antibodies response to the spike proteins, which were protective against a second exposure. Transient systemic inflammation was observed occasionally in nonhuman primates, hamsters, and mice. Notably, none of the animals unveiled a cytokine storm or coagulopathy. Conclusions Most of the animal models of COVID-19 recapitulated mild pattern of human COVID-19 with full recovery phenotype. No severe illness associated with mortality was observed, suggesting a wide gap between COVID-19 in humans and animal models.

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Animal Models of Tuberculosis Vaccine Research: An Important Component in the Fight against Tuberculosis

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2020/4263079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-21 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Wenping Gong ◽

Yan Liang ◽

Xueqiong Wu

Keyword(s):

Infectious Disease ◽

Animal Models ◽

Immune Responses ◽

Nonhuman Primates ◽

Infectious Agent ◽

Research Progress ◽

Research Needs ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Vaccine Research ◽

Natural Hosts

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is one of the top ten infectious diseases worldwide, and is the leading cause of morbidity from a single infectious agent. M. tuberculosis can cause infection in several species of animals in addition to humans as the natural hosts. Although animal models of TB disease cannot completely simulate the occurrence and development of human TB, they play an important role in studying the pathogenesis, immune responses, and pathological changes as well as for vaccine research. This review summarizes the commonly employed animal models, including mouse, guinea pig, rabbit, rat, goat, cattle, and nonhuman primates, and their characteristics as used in TB vaccine research, and provides a basis for selecting appropriate animal models according to specific research needs. Furthermore, some of the newest animal models used for TB vaccine research (such as humanized animal models, zebrafish, Drosophila, and amoeba) are introduced, and their characteristics and research progress are discussed.

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