scholarly journals IMMUNOREACTIONS INVOLVING PLATELETS

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 711-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Raphael Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Minimal Amount ◽  
Thrombocytopenic Purpura ◽  
Safe Method ◽  
In Vivo Tests

Regulated intravenous doses of quinidine were given to patients with the antibody of quinidine purpura to produce controlled thrombocytopenia without clinical sequelae. The degree of thrombocytopenia and the rate at which it developed were dependent on the relative plasma concentration of quinidine and antibody. By relating in vivo changes in platelet levels to concurrent in vitro tests for antibody activity and to quantitative relationships between reactants determined in Papers I and III of this series, it was concluded that the amount of antibody which attaches to platelets when thrombocytopenia develops is insufficient to cause complement fixation or platelet agglutination. Platelets do not appear to be destroyed directly by reaction with antibody in vivo. The minimal amount of antibody which does attach to platelets in vivo appears to increase their susceptibility to the usual mechanisms of sequestration. Megakaryocytes and blood vessels do not appear to be affected directly by the antibody which causes quinidine purpura, and hemorrhagic manifestations of the disease appear to be consequent to changes in platelets alone. A safe method of performing in vivo tests for the presence of an antibody of drug purpura is described. The implications of the present work in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura are discussed.

In Vitro Methods as a Tool in Neurotoxicity Studies

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-496
Author(s):  
Hanna Tähti ◽  
Leila Vaalavirta ◽  
Tarja Toimela
Keyword(s):  
Risk Evaluation ◽  
Toxicity Testing ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Mercury Compounds ◽  
Toxicological Data ◽  
In Vivo Tests

— There are several hundred industrial chemicals with neurotoxic potential. The neurotoxic risks of most of these chemicals are unknown. Additional methods are needed to assess the risks more effectively and to elucidate the mechanisms of neurotoxicity more accurately than is possible with the conventional methods. This paper deals with general tasks concerning the use of in vitro models in the evaluation of neurotoxic risks. It is based on our previous studies with various in vitro models and on recent literature. The induction of glial fibrillary acidic protein in astrocyte cultures after treatment with known neurotoxicants (mercury compounds and aluminium) is discussed in more detail as an important response which can be detected in vitro. When used appropriately with in vivo tests and with previous toxicological data, in vitro neurotoxicity testing considerably improves risk assessment. The incorporation of in vitro tests into the early stages of risk evaluation can reduce the number of animals used in routine toxicity testing, by identifying chemicals with high neurotoxic potential.

Comparison of methods for measurement of the pressure exerted by knitted fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 87 (17) ◽  
pp. 2117-2126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Cieślak ◽  
Agnieszka Karaszewska ◽  
Ewa Gromadzińska ◽  
Izabela Jasińska ◽  
Irena Kamińska
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Knitted Fabric ◽  
In Vitro Test ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Weft Knitted Fabric ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Vitro Test ◽  
Warp Knitted Fabric

The article presents the results of measurements of pressure exerted by two model knitted products – bands with different structure (WI jersey weft-knitted fabric and WII openwork warp-knitted fabric). The tests were carried out with using the I-Scan system (in vivo and in vitro tests) and the STM 579 device (in vitro test). A comparative analysis of the in vivo and in vitro results for the I-Scan method and in vitro results for the I-Scan and STM 579 method was performed. It was found that the pressure values are lower for openwork warp-knitted fabric than for jersey weft-knitted fabric both in the case of the in vitro and in vivo tests, and the values of pressure for the same band are higher in the case of the in vitro tests.

In Vitro Toxicology: A Challenge for the 21st Century

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (1_part_1) ◽  
pp. 19-22
Author(s):  
Marcel B. Roberfroid ◽  
Fabienne Goethals
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Animal Protection ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Animal Tests

Foreword — Animal experimentation is an emotional topic, which arouses passionate feelings both in animal protection groups and in the scientific community. For many years, antivivisectionists have fought for the abolition of all animal experimentation, whereas other groups campaign for suppression/reduction of the level of pain animals suffer because of experimentation. Despite all these efforts, the number of animals used in scientific research does not seem to have decreased significantly during the last few years. At best, this number remains constant or shows minor reductions in some countries, whereas in others it is still increasing. In addition to this situation, which certainly does not satisfy the antivivisectionists, the validity of the use of animal models in biomedical research is increasingly being questioned. On the other hand, a number of developments and projects exist which attest to the growing interest of scientists in in vitro models which use few, or even no, animals. Such a change in attitude is particularly evident in practice and research in toxicology, which uses a large number of animals. Taking into account the special status of toxicology among the biomedical sciences, since its practice is required and defined by laws and directives, a semantic problem exists over which adjective should be applied to describe such new methods. For some, it must be alternative — for consistancy to underline the possibility of replacing classical in vivo tests with new in vitro tests, the validity of which is demonstrated by reference to these in vivo tests. For others, it has to be complementary — to characterise the new protocols and the new experimental models which are of interest, because they contribute to the improvement of toxicology by strengthening its scientific nature. For a third group, it must be adjunct — to emphasise the relatively minor role of non-animal tests in relation to the conventional animal tests. It is the second concept that is favoured in this article. The experimental models to which it applies will, according to the Three Rs of Russell & Burch (1), lead either to the replacement of animal models, or to a reduction in the number of animals used or to refinement of test procedures in order to minimise the suffering and stress caused to animals.

scholarly journals Wound Healing Activity of α-Pinene and α-Phellandrene

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2488
Author(s):  
Judith Salas-Oropeza ◽  
Manuel Jimenez-Estrada ◽  
Armando Perez-Torres ◽  
Andres Eliu Castell-Rodriguez ◽  
Rodolfo Becerril-Millan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Fibroblast Cell ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Wound Healing Activity

Bursera morelensis is used in Mexican folk medicine to treat wounds on the skin. Recently, it was shown that the essential oil (EO) of B. morelensis has wound healing activity, accelerating cutaneous wound closure and generating scars with good tensile strength. α-pinene (PIN) and α-phellandrene (FEL) are terpenes that have been found in this EO, and it has been shown in different studies that both have anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to determine the wound healing activity of these two terpenes. The results of in vitro tests demonstrate that PIN and FEL are not cytotoxic at low concentrations and that they do not stimulate fibroblast cell proliferation. In vivo tests showed that the terpenes produce stress-resistant scars and accelerate wound contraction, due to collagen deposition from the early stages, in wounds treated with both terpenes. Therefore, we conclude that both α-pinene and α-phellandrene promote the healing process; this confirms the healing activity of the EO of B. morelensis, since having these terpenes as part of its chemical composition explains part of its demonstrated activity.

scholarly journals IMMUNOREACTIONS INVOLVING PLATELETS

1958 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 697-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Raphael Shulman
Keyword(s):  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Human Platelets ◽  
Antibody Activity ◽  
Human Endothelial Cells ◽  
Clot Retraction ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Quantitative aspects of platelet agglutination and inhibition of clot retraction by the antibody of quinidine purpura were described. The reactions appeared to depend on formation of types of antibody-quinidine-platelet complexes which could fix complement but complement was not necessary for these reactions. Complement fixation was at least 10 times more sensitive than platelet agglutination or inhibition of clot retraction for measurement and detection of antibody activity. Although it has been considered that antibodies of drug purpura act as platelet lysins in the presence of complement and that direct lysis of platelets accounts for development of thrombocytopenia in drug purpura, the present study suggests that attachment of antibody produces a change in platelets which is manifested in vitro only by increased susceptibility to non-specific factors which can alter the stability of platelets in the absence of antibody. The attachment of antibody to platelets in vivo may only indirectly affect platelet survival. In contrast to human platelets, dog, rabbit, and guinea pig platelets, and normal or trypsin-treated human red cells did not agglutinate, fix complement, or adsorb antibody; and intact human endothelial cells did not fix complement or adsorb antibody. Rhesus monkey platelets were not agglutinated by the antibody but did adsorb antibody and fix complement although their activity in these reactions differed quantitatively from that of human platelets. Cinchonine could be substituted for quinidine in agglutination and inhibition of clot retraction reactions but quinine and cinchonidine could not. Attempts to cause passive anaphylaxis in guinea pigs with the antibody of quinidine purpura were not successful.

Potential Antimalarials. XV. Di-Mannich Bases of 2-(7'-Chloroquinolin-4'-ylamino)phenol and 2-[7'-Bromo( and trifluoromethyl)-1',5'-naphthyridin-4'-ylamino]phenol

1992 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
GB Barlin ◽  
TMT Nguyen ◽  
B Kotecka ◽  
KH Rieckmann
Keyword(s):  
Mannich Base ◽  
Antimalarial Activity ◽  
Mannich Bases ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Methyl Derivatives ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Plasmodium Vinckei

A total of 26 di-Mannich base derivatives of 2-(7'-chloroquinolin-4'-ylamino)phenol and 2-[7'- bromo (and trifluoromethyl )-1',5'-naphthyridin-4'-ylino]phenol, such as 2-(7'-chloroquinolin- 4'-ylamino)-4,6-bis( piperidin-1″-ylmethyl )phenol, together with some 3- and 5-methyl derivatives and mono-Mannich analogues, have been prepared by condensation of the 4-chloro heterocycle with the appropriate Mannich base derivatives of 2-aminophenols. In in vitro tests against Plasmodium falciparum, many of the di-Mannich base derivatives of 2-(7'-chloroquinolin-4'-ylarnino)phenol exhibited activity comparable to or superior to chloroquine against the chloroquine -sensitive (FCQ-27) isolate, and vastly superior activity compared with chloroquine against the chloroquine -resistant (K-1) isolate. Strong antimalarial activity was also revealed in in vivo tests against Plasmodium vinckei vinckei in mice.

scholarly journals Viability, production and morphology of pollen grains for different species in the genus Manihot (Euphorbiaceae)

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia de Jesus Vieira ◽  
Taliane Leila Soares ◽  
Mônica Lanzoni Rossi ◽  
Alfredo Augusto Cunha Alves ◽  
Francisco de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Viability ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Average Production ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Wild Accessions ◽  
Floral Bud

The objective of this work was to characterize the viability, production and morphology of pollen for different species in the genus Manihot. Floral buds from Manihot accessions were collected from two germplasm banks at Embrapa Cassava & Fruits. The viability of the pollen was assessed via colorimetric, in vitro and in vivo assays. The diameter of the pollen grains was determined by measuring the transversal length of the grain. The experimental design was entirely randomized. Studies on pollen ultrastructure were performed via scanning electron microscopy. Pollen viability was high in the colorimetric tests and intermediate in vivo tests; there was no germination in the in vitro tests. The average production for all accessions was 1,253 pollen grains per floral bud. The size of the pollen grains varied from 132 to 163 µm in the wild accessions, and 129 to 146 µm in the cultivated accessions. The pollen grains for all accessions were very large, apolar, spherical as well as inaperturate, with an exine ornamented with pila organized in a Croton pattern. The wild accessions, in general, produced more and larger pollen grains compared with the cultivated accessions.

scholarly journals Neuroprotective Effect and Antioxidant Potency of Fermented Cultured Wild Ginseng Root Extracts of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer in Mice

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 3001
Author(s):  
Chul-Joong Kim ◽  
Hyeon-Yeol Ryu ◽  
Somin Lee ◽  
Han-Joo Lee ◽  
Yoon-Soek Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ache Activity ◽  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Ginseng Root ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Wild Ginseng

Wild ginseng has better pharmacological effects than cultivated ginseng. However, its industrialization is limited by the inability to grow wild ginseng on a large scale. Herein, we demonstrate how to optimize ginseng production through cultivation, and how to enhance the concentrations of specific ginsenosides through fermentation. In the study, we also evaluated the ability of fermented cultured wild ginseng root extract (HLJG0701-β) to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), as well as its neuroprotective effects and antioxidant activity. In in vitro tests, HLJG0701-β inhibited AChE activity and exerted neuroprotective and antioxidant effects (showing increased catalyst activity but decreased reactive oxygen species concentration). In in vivo tests, after HLJG0701-β was orally administered at doses of 0, 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg in an animal model of memory impairment, behavioral evaluation (Morris water maze test and Y-maze task test) was performed. The levels of AChE, acetylcholine (ACh), blood catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain tissues were measured. The results showed that HLJG0701-β produced the best results at a dose of 250 mg/kg or more. The neuroprotective mechanism of HLJG0701-β was determined to involve the inhibition of AChE activity and a decrease in oxidative stress. In summary, both in vitro and in vivo tests confirmed that HJG0701-β administration can lead to memory improvement.

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Liposome-Encapsulated Citral and Its Effect on the Shelf Life of Shatangju Mandarin

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 1315-1322
Author(s):  
PEIZHOU CHEN ◽  
CHRISTOPHER FERENCE ◽  
XIUXIU SUN ◽  
YING LIN ◽  
LIANJIANG TAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Homogenization Method ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
Penicillium Italicum ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
In Vivo Tests

ABSTRACT Liposome-encapsulated citral was prepared by means of a hot homogenization method. The microstructure, particle size, and zeta potential of the capsules were analyzed by transmission electron microscope and dynamic light scattering, respectively, in which the results showed a good dispersion stability of the citral-loaded liposome. In vitro tests showed that liposome-encapsulated citral significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the populations of Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Penicillium italicum more than free citral. In vivo tests conducted on fresh Shatangju mandarin showed that liposome-encapsulated citral-treated fruit exhibited a decay incidence of 56.67%, which is 42.04% lower than free citral-treated fruit (97.78%) after 26 days of storage at 25°C and 60 to 70% relative humidity. Additionally, fruit treated with citral-loaded liposome significantly reduced weight loss and viable yeast and mold during storage. In summary, liposome-encapsulated citral could be an effective antimicrobial agent to extend the shelf life of the Shatangju mandarin. HIGHLIGHTS

scholarly journals Új, laparoszkópos beültetésre alkalmas sérvháló állatkísérletes vizsgálata

2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (5) ◽  
pp. 180-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Péter Marcell Guba
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Major Complication ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
In Vitro Tests ◽  
In Vivo Tests ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Introduction: Reconstruction of the abdominal wall with mesh is a widely used surgical procedure. The non-absorbable meshes tend to cause numerous side-effects. Aim: The aim of the author was to produce an absorbable, polymer-based mesh that possesses appropriate chemical, mechanical and biological properties. Method: A three-dimensional, biocompatible mesh was produced from poly-vinyl-alcohol using reactive electrospinning. Toxicity and cell-mesh interactions were tested using human lung carcinoma epithelial cells (A-549), and in vivo tests were conducted in 42 male Wistar rats at the 1–5, 7 and 14 postoperative days (3 rats/groups). Results: In the in vitro tests poly-vinyl-alcohol was biocompatible. In the in vivo tests no major complication was associated with the mesh made of poly-vinyl-alcohol. Conclusions: The author concludes that this polymer mesh is biocompatible, it does not damage the surrounding tissues and integrates well with them. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(5), 180–184.

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