scholarly journals The flow of blood to lymph nodes and its relation to lymphocyte traffic and the immune response.

1977 ◽  
Vol 145 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
J B Hay ◽  
B B Hobbs
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

The blood flow to individual lymph nodes of sheep and rabbits has been determined with 85Sr-labeled microspheres. A popliteal node of the sheep received 0.014% of the cardiac output and a comparable node in the rabbit 0.011%. A sheep lymph node weighing 1 g received an average of 24 ml/h of blood. It was calculated that there was a highly selective removal of lymphocytes by the node and that an equivalent to one in every four lymphocytes that entered a normal lymph node migrated out of the blood, through the substance of the node, and into the efferent lymph. During the immune response to either allogeneic lymphocytes or tuberculin, the blood flow to sheep lymph nodes, even without considering the increase in node weight, increased an average of fourfold. During the primary immune response in the rabbit to keyhole limpet hemocyanin, the blood flow increased threefold. The increase in blood flow preceded the antigen-induced increase in lymphocyte traffic recorded in the efferent lymph. The early phase of increased blood flow was considered to be due to hyperemia, whereas the latter phase had a significant angiogenesis component. It was calculated that an equivalent to 60% of the entire mobilizable pool of lymphocytes could pass through an average lymph node in the blood during an immune response lasting 5 days.

Diastolic pressure and peripheral resistance during stellate ganglion stimulation

1963 ◽  
Vol 204 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward D. Freis ◽  
Jay N. Cohn ◽  
Thomas E. Liptak ◽  
Aristide G. B. Kovach
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Total Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Stellate Ganglion ◽  
Peripheral Resistance ◽  
Resistance Vessels ◽  
Left Stellate Ganglion ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

The mechanism of the diastolic pressure elevation occurring during left stellate ganglion stimulation was investigated. The cardiac output rose considerably, the heart rate remained essentially unchanged, and the total peripheral resistance fell moderately. The diastolic rise appeared to be due to increased blood flow rather than to any active changes in resistance vessels.

Effect of increased oxygen affinity and anemia on cardiac output and its distribution

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 1299-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Woodson ◽  
S. Auerbach
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Reference Sample ◽  
Oxygen Affinity ◽  
Output Pulse ◽  
Preliminary Measurement ◽  
Simultaneous Reduction ◽  
Sample Method ◽  
O2 Dissociation Curve ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

Effect of increased blood O2 affinity on cardiac output and its distribution was studied in conscious sedated rats by the microsphere-reference sample method. After a preliminary measurement of cardiac output and its distribution, rats were exchange transfused with normal blood or low-P50 (PO2 at which hemoglobin is half-saturated with O2) blood; other groups were made anemic with and without a simultaneous reduction in P50. Reduction in P50 from 38 to 17 Torr did not change cardiac output, pulse, or blood pressure but caused, after allowance for changes in controls, a 102% increase in coronary blood flow and an 88% increase in cerebral blood flow. Anemia (hematocrit = 22%) produced similar changes in coronary and cerebral flow. When anemia was combined with a 12-Torr reduction in P50, coronary and cerebral flow increased by 297 and 209%, respectively. These increases in coronary and cerebral flow were not attributable to increased cardiac work or hypercapnia. It is concluded that a left shift of the O2 dissociation curve induces increased blood flow to brain and heart, probably in compensation for decreased tissue O2 pressure.

scholarly journals Paraquat Preferentially Induces Apoptosis of Late Stage Effector Lymphocyte and Impairs Memory Immune Response in Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 2060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Shao ◽  
Yifan Zhao ◽  
Tingting Zhu ◽  
Fen Zhang ◽  
Xiuli Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Secondary Immune Response ◽  
Effector Cells ◽  
Memory Immune Response ◽  
The Impact

Paraquat (PQ) is a toxic non-selective herbicide. To date, the effect of PQ on memory immune response is still unknown. We investigated the impact of PQ on memory immune response. Adult C57BL/6 mice were subcutaneously injected with 2 mg/kg PQ, 20 mg/kg PQ or vehicle control every three days for two weeks. A single injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) at day four after the initial PQ treatment was used to induce a primary immune response; a second KLH challenge was performed at three months post the first KLH immunization to induce a secondary immune response. In steady state, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ reduced the level of serum total IgG, but not that of IgM; treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ decreased the number of effector and memory lymphocytes, but not naïve or inactivated lymphocytes. During the primary immune response to KLH, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ did not influence the proliferation of lymphocytes or expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Instead, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ increased the apoptosis of lymphocytes at late stage, but not early stage of the primary immune response. During the secondary immune response to KLH, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ reduced the serum anti-KLH IgG and KLH-responsive CD4 T cells and B cells. Moreover, effector or activated lymphocytes were more sensitive to PQ-induced apoptosis in vitro. Treatment with 2 mg/kg PQ did not impact memory immune response to KLH. Thus, treatment with 20 mg/kg PQ increased apoptosis of late stage effector cells to yield less memory cells and thereafter impair memory immune response, providing a novel understanding of the immunotoxicity of PQ.

Correlation of peripheral blood lymphocyte counts with outcome and histopathologic features of lymphocytic inflammation in patients with stage II colorectal carcinoma.

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 475-475
Author(s):  
Hector Hugo Li-Chang ◽  
Naziheh Assarzadegan ◽  
David Messenger ◽  
Andrea Grin ◽  
Christopher Howlett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Colorectal Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Peripheral Lymphocyte ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Regional Lymph Nodes ◽  
Reactive Changes ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes

475 Background: The prognostic importance of the local antitumor immune response in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is well established. Recent studies suggest that systemic antitumor immunity may also impact on survival. This study aimed to determine the relationship between peripheral blood lymphocyte counts (PBLCs), reactive features in regional lymph nodes, local tumoral/peri-tumoral lymphocytic inflammation and survival in stage II CRC. Methods: Resection specimens from 185 patients with stage II CRC were assessed for peri-tumoral lymphocytic inflammation, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, lymph node yield, lymph node size, and reactive changes in individual lymph nodes. Reactive changes were scored semi-quantitatively and given a reactivity [R] score of 1-4 based on the presence and size of germinal centers. Pre-operative PBLCs and neutrophil counts were recorded. Results: Lower peripheral lymphocyte counts were associated with advanced age (p = 0.016), T4 disease (p = 0.006), venous invasion (p = 0.006), lymph node yields <12 (p = 0.024), smaller mean nodal diameters (p = 0.021), absence of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (p = 0.002) and fewer highly-reactive lymph nodes (R score 4) per case (p = 0.032). Cox regression analysis revealed that advanced age (Hazard Ratio, 1.03 per year [95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.05]; p = 0.015) and higher peripheral lymphocyte counts (HR, 0.52 per 1x109cells/L [95% CI, 0.31-0.86]; p = 0.011) were independently predictive of disease-free survival. Neutrophil counts were not associated with outcome. A higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was associated with worse survival on univariate, but not multivariable analysis. Conclusions: The PBLC is an independent predictor of survival in stage II CRC, and is significantly associated with the immune status of regional lymph nodes and the local lymphocytic immune response.

scholarly journals Regional blood flow and its relationship to lymphocyte and lymphoblast traffic during a primary immune reaction.

1979 ◽  
Vol 150 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
C A Ottaway ◽  
D M Parrott
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Immune Reaction ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Relative Increment ◽  
Inflammatory Site ◽  
Draining Lymph Node ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

The relationship of alterations in blood flow with changes in cell distribution has been studied in an inflammatory site and its draining lymph node during the induction of an immune reaction with oxazolone in mice. The cells which move to the site of inflammation are predominantly lymphoblasts and their increased localization in the inflamed ear is significantly correlated with increased regional blood flow to the inflamed tissue. The existence of this correlation is not antigen dependent although there is a relative increment of lymphoblasts which are specifically primed to the inflammatory agent. The localization of nonblastic (small) 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes on the other hand is substantial only in lymphoid tissue and during the induction of an immune reaction after oxazolone application, the increase in localization of these cells in the draining lymph node is positively correlated with increased blood flow to the node. Furthermore, the probability of finding 51Cr labeled lymphocytes in a particular lymph node is related to the regional blood flow which that node receives.

scholarly journals THE PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE IN MICE

1968 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1109-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. McMaster ◽  
Robert E. Franzl
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Primary Immune Response ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Cells ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph Nodes ◽  
Sheep Red Blood Cells ◽  
Cellular Changes ◽  
Mesenteric Lymph

The effects of a single injection of a bacterial endotoxin on the cellular changes of a primary immune response to a standard dose of sheep red blood cells were studied in the spleens and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice. Daily histological comparisons of these organs in mice, injected with endotoxin, or with antigen, or both, showed that endotoxin given simultaneously with sheep red blood cells, as antigen, significantly enhanced all of the cellular changes that appear in the mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens of mice that form antibody when that antigen is given alone. First, in the white pulp of the spleens and cortical regions of the nodes, there appeared an early and excessive proliferation of the large pyroninophilic cells which seems to be responsible for the earliest formation of antibody, as judged by this work and that of others cited in the body of the paper. Polymorphonuclear cells invaded the spleens of these animals early after simultaneous challenge with antigen and endotoxin, and in far greater numbers than have ever been seen in mice given the same antigen without endotoxin. "Activated" germinal centers formed in the lymphoid tissue either 1 day before the appearance of antibody in the blood stream or on the same day, and they became larger than in the mice given antigen only. On the other hand, these specific and characteristic cellular changes failed to appear in mice prevented from forming any antibody at all by injections of endotoxin given 2 days before the antigenic challenge. These findings are discussed in the light provided by data from recent reports of others as well as in the light of the accompanying paper (1) which demonstrated not only the enhancement of antibody formation following simultaneous injections of antigen and endotoxin, as already known, but a totally unexpected, complete suppression of its formation when endotoxin was given 2 days before antigen.

scholarly journals Can the lymph node reactivity pattern in the pN0 neck analysis provide any additional prognostic information in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma?

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
Gabriel Manfro ◽  
Claudio Cernea ◽  
Paulo Antônio Silvestre de Faria ◽  
Fernando Vaz Agarez ◽  
Fernando Luiz Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Nodes ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Squamous Cell ◽  
Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Selective Neck Dissection ◽  
Follicular Hyperplasia ◽  
Paracortical Hyperplasia

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the influence of lymph node reactivity on recurrence and survival rates in a population of pT3 or pT4 pN0 patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Methods: Between 2002 and 2005, 105 patients with LSSC underwent total laryngectomy with bilateral selective neck dissection including levels II, III and IV. Most (69) received PO radiotherapy. All pathological specimens were either pT3 or pT4, and all necks were pN0. All lymph nodes were analyzed and their reactivity status were classified as the following four patterns: follicular hyperplasia associated with humoral response, paracortical hyperplasia associated with cellular response, sinus histiocytosis with no association with specific immune response, or normal lymph node. Only the first two patterns were considered stimulated, whereas the last two were considered non-stimulated. The most prevalent pattern in a particular neck specimen was considered for the analysis of recurrence and survival. Results: The total number of lymph nodes studied was 3,648, with an average of 34.7 lymph nodes/neck specimens. The most frequent lymph node reactivity patterns were sinusal histiocytosis (50 cases), paracortical hyperplasia (35 cases), and follicular hyperplasia (20 cases). There was no statistical association of these individual patterns with recurrence rate (p = 0.98) or mortality (p = 0.49). However, there was a statistically significant association between paracortical hyperplasia pattern (related to cellular lymph node immunity) and improved five-year survival (76 versus 60%; log-rank = 0.05). Conclusions: There was a positive correlation between stimulated cellular lymph node pattern and improved 5-year survival rate in patients with pN0 laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, suggesting the indication of adjuvant treatment for those individuals with decreased immune response, even in the absence of pathologic metastases detected by the usual methods.

Effect of 71 ATA He-O2 on organ blood flow in the rat

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1369-1375 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Aanderud ◽  
J. Onarheim ◽  
I. Tyssebotn
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Organ Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Blood Sampling ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leg Muscle ◽  
Increased Blood Flow

Cardiac output and organ blood flow to major organs were investigated in awake rats at 1 atmosphere absolute (ATA) air and at 71 ATA He-O2. Radioactively labeled microspheres [15 +/- 1 (SD) micron] were injected into the left ventricle during constant-rate arterial blood sampling at 1 ATA air and subsequently at 71 ATA He-O2. Intra-arterial blood pressure was continuously recorded. The partial pressure of O2 was kept between 0.4 and 0.6 ATA. The results indicate that the mean blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, and organ blood flow are essentially unaltered in the rat at 71 ATA except for increased blood flow to the liver (122%, P less than 0.05), whereas the blood flow to the adrenals, the diaphragm, and the leg muscle fell (P less than 0.05).

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