scholarly journals THE SIGNIFICANCE OF ANAPHYLAXIS IN PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNITY

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
George M. Mackenzie ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Measurable Effect ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Immunity Mechanism ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Derivatives Of

1. Intraperitoneal injections of killed and living broth cultures of a virulent pneumococcus produce in guinea pigs a high degree of active immunity and a serum with strong protective power. 2. Despite the protective power of such serum no agglutinins for the homologous organism and no precipitins for soluble derivatives were demonstrable. 3. Guinea pig immunity to pneumococcus infection produced by the method described is not attended by cutaneous allergy to derivatives of the pneumococcus used for immunization. 4. During the course of an artificially produced active immunity, anaphylaxis may at times be present and at times absent without any measurable effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection by intraperitoneal injection. 5. In the particular instance studied, the experiments indicate that anaphylaxis to pneumococcus protein has no important effect upon the resistance of the animal to infection. It appears to be a concomitant without any significant rôle in the immunity mechanism.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-Pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-442 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Sudmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Constitutional Disturbance ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
High Degree

(1) The young of parents both of which have been injected with an immunising mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, show immunity of the same order as that of young from similarly treated mothers and normal fathers.(2) The injection of certain foreign substances into a female guinea-pig appears to have a direct effect on the offspring in diminishing their resistance to diphtheria toxin, shown equally well by the young of mothers injected, (a) before the attainment of sexual maturity, (b) during pregnancy, and (c) after birth during the period of lactation.(3) A single injection of diphtheria toxin may give rise to a condition of active immunity (as tested by the resistance of the young) in guinea-pigs possessing hereditarily transmitted passive immunity. Should this injection of toxin give rise to great constitutional disturbance, the young may show lowered resistance, whereas, if it give rise to but slight constitutional disturbance, the young show a high degree of immunity. These effects appear to be accentuated if similar injections are repeated in the next generation.

scholarly journals Immunity of Guinea-pigs to Diphtheria Toxin and its Effect upon the Offspring

1911 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Südmersen ◽  
A. T. Glenny
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Passive Immunity ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Lethal Doses

1. Diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixtures induce a higher immunity in guinea-pigs than sub-lethal doses of toxin; one injection of the mixture being sufficient to produce an immunity lasting in some cases for a period of over two years, as shown by the passive immunity conferred on the offspring.2. The highest immunity is produced by toxin-antitoxin mixtures containing the most uncombined toxoid.3. The active immunity of the mother is transferred passively to the offspring.4. The passive immunity thus transferred usually disappears at the end of two months after birth, and only in rare instances has been recongnised after three months.5. Immunity is mainly transmitted in utero, and only to a slight extent during lactation.6. Young bred from does that have been used for a single routine antitoxin test may be able to tolerate 14 times the does of diphtheria toxin fatal for a normal guinea-pig.

DEMONSTRATION OF AGGLUTININS FIVE HOURS AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I IN GUINEA PIGS

1950 ◽  
Vol 28e (6) ◽  
pp. 298-306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris S. Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Type I ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
Pneumococcus Type

The inoculation of guinea pigs with pneumococci Type I intraperitoneally resulted in the development of homologous agglutinating antibodies, which were detected in the sera as early as five hours after inoculation. The early appearance of active immunity, and the attainment of a sufficient titer, would appear to govern survival to a fatal homologous re-infecting dose of the organism.

N-Aralkylated derivatives of 1-aminobenzotriazole as isozyme-selective, mechanism-based inhibitors of guinea pig hepatic cytochrome P-450 dependent monooxygenase activity

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 1278-1285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley J. Woodcroft ◽  
John R. Bend
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Monooxygenase Activity ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Hepatic Microsomes ◽  
Suicide Inhibitors ◽  
Cytochrome P 450 ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Hepatic Cytochrome

The mechanism-based inactivation of hepatic cytochrome P-450 by the suicide inhibitor 1-aminobenzotriazole and two of its derivatives, N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole and N-α-memylbenzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole, was investigated in microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-induced, and β-naphthoflavone-induced guinea pigs. Microsomal 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase, 7-pentoxyresorufm O-dealkylase, and benzphetamine N-demethylase activities, and cytochrome P-450 content were determined following incubation with 1-aminobenzotriazole and its analogues. The loss of hepatic cytochrome P-450 content and monooxygenase activity was dependent on inhibitor concentration and required NADPH. N-Benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole and N-α-methylbenzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole were more potent inhibitors of monooxygenase activity than the parent compound in microsomes from untreated and phenobarbital-induced guinea pigs. In microsomes from phenobarbital-induced guinea pigs, N-α-methylbenzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole (10 μM) was highly selective for the inactivation of the major cytochrome P-450 isozyme catalyzing 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation (the guinea pig ortholog of P-450IIB1) compared with those isozymes catalyzing 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation or benzphetamine N-demethylation (88 ± 3% loss of activity vs. 35 ± 11 and 13 ± 7%, respectively). N-Benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole was also selective for the inactivation of 7-pentoxyresorufm O-dealkylase activity, but to a lesser degree (56 ± 6 vs. 31 ± 8 and 21 ± 8%, respectively). In hepatic microsomes from untreated guinea pigs, the two N-substituted analogues were selective for the inhibition of 7-pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation compared with benzphetamine N-demethylation, but not 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation. The spectrally assayed loss of cytochrome P-450 caused by 1-aminobenzotriazole paralleled the inhibition of enzyme activity in all three treatment groups; however, the loss of cytochrome P-450 caused by N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole and N-α-methylbenzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole was never greater than 45% even when monooxygenase activity was virtually 100% inhibited. In general, N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole and N-α-methylbenzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole were more potent inhibitors of cytochrome P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity in hepatic microsomes from untreated compared with induced guinea pigs (for example, 100 μM N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole inhibited 93 ± 3, 81 ± 1, and 61 ± 7% of the 7-ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity in hepatic microsomes from untreated, phenobarbital-induced, and β-naphthoflavone-induced guinea pigs, respectively). These latter data are consistent with the facile inactivation of guinea pig P-450IA1 but not P-450IA2 by N-benzyl-1-aminobenzotriazole.Key words: cytochrome P-450, guinea pig, isozyme selective, suicide inhibitors.

COPULATORY REFLEX IN GUINEA PIGS INDUCED BY PROGESTERONE AND RELATED STEROIDS

1961 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred A. Kind ◽  
Ralph I. Dorfman
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Derivatives Of

ABSTRACT Twenty-eight derivatives of progesterone were studied in a copulatory reflex assay in the oestrogen-primed ovariectomized guinea pig. The activity of the steroids in this test was not correlated with the progestational activity as measured by the McPhail assay. Particularly striking was 6-chloro-Δ6-dehydro-17-acetoxyprogesterone, which was about 50 times more active than progesterone in the McPhail test, but less than one-fourth as active as the standard in the copulatory reflex assay, and 4,9α-dichloro-11β-hydroxyprogesterone which was 16 times more active than progesterone in the copulatory reflex assay but only equal to progesterone in the McPhail test. Seven compounds were more active than progesterone of which 6 were 4-chloro-9α-halo-11-oxygenated derivatives of progesterone and the seventh was 19-norprogesterone.

The effect of Otosporin and Gentisone HC on the mitotic index and thickness of the tympanic membrane and meatal skin in the guinea pig.

1987 ◽  
Vol 101 (8) ◽  
pp. 761-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Monkhouse ◽  
B. Chir ◽  
I. P. Curry
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Tympanic Membrane ◽  
Lateral Surface ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Proliferative Activity ◽  
Bony Canal ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Ear Drops

Otosporin and Gentisone HC ear drops were inserted twice daily for 3 weeks into the external auditory meatuses of guinea pigs. An intraperitoneal injection of vincristine (1 mg/kg.) was given to each animal three hours before it was killed. Temporal bones and attached external auditory meatuses were dissected, tissues were fixed in 10 per cent buffered formalin, decalcified in EDTA, and embedded in JB4 plastic for sectioning at 4 μm. The proliferative activity in the epidermis of the bony meatus and in the lateral surface of the tympanic membrane was obtained by deriving the mitotic indices. After both types of ear drops there was a statistically significant reduction in mitotic indices, the values being about half the control values. The proliferative activity in the tympanic membrane was too low to permit statistical analysis, but no differences were apparent between the groups. The thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis of the bony canal, and of the tympanic membrane, were measured using a Kontron MOP-AM03 analyser. Although the dermis was thinner as a result of the administration of ear drops, both the epidermis of the bony meatus and that of the tympanic membrane were thicker, all these changes being statistically significant.

scholarly journals The Schick Dose of Diphtheria Toxin as a Secondary Stimulus

1922 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Glenney ◽  
K. Allien
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Diphtheria Toxin ◽  
Primary Stimulus ◽  
Active Immunity ◽  
G 21 ◽  
Detectable Quantity ◽  
G 34 ◽  
Secondary Stimulus

The injection of the small amount of diphtheria toxin used in the Schick test may act as a secondary stimulus.A Schick test may therefore cause a great and rapid increase in the immunity of the animals tested.Examples are quoted of six rabbits and twelve guinea-pigs in Tables II to VII.2. A fraction of a Schick dose may act as a secondary stimulus. Rabbit G 23 quoted in Table IV, injected with 1/10 of a Schick dose, showed an immunity response, the antitoxic content of its blood rising from 1/50 to nearly 1/10 unit per c.c. in six days.3. The action of a Schick dose as a secondary stimulus may cause an animal to give a negative reaction when tested seven days or more after the first positive reaction.This is illustrated by rabbits G 7 in Table III, G 31 in Table II, G 32 and G 34 in Table V and four guinea-pigs in Table VI.4. The antigenic value of a Schick dose of toxin as a secondary stimulus may be as high as that of a reasonable dose of a toxin-antitoxin mixture suitable for human immunisation. Examples are given comparing the results of the injection of a Schick dose of toxin and of a toxin-antitoxin mixture in the same rabbit in Table III, in different rabbits, G 20 and G 22 in Table IV and reference is made to the companion rabbits to those quoted in Table V.5. The antigenic value of a Schick dose as a secondary stimulus can be demonstrated:A. In animals which have not produced a detectable quantity of antitoxin (that is less than 1/2000 of a unit per c.c.) as the result of a primary stimulus.See both rabbits in Table II, rabbit G 20 in Table IV, both rabbits in Table V, and guinea-pig FF 19. v in Table VII. The four guinea-pigs in Table VI probably come under the same heading.B. In animals whose actively produced antitoxin has fallen below a de tectable level.See rabbit G 7 in Table III.(These results add further confirmation to the phenomenon reported in the paper “Active immunity to diphtheria in the absence of detectable antitoxin” (Glenny and Allen, 1922).6. A Schick dose of toxin which gives a positive reaction may, by acting as a secondary stimulus, produce a rapid increase in the antitoxic value of animals already containing some actively produced antitoxin.See guinea-pig LL 17. vi in Table VII.7. A Schick dose of toxin which causes no reaction may, by acting as a secondary stimulus, produce a rapid increase in the antitoxic value of animals already containing some actively produced antitoxin.See guinea-pigs in Table VII.8. A Schick dose of toxin may fail as a secondary stimulus if the antitoxic content at the time of injection is comparatively high.See rabbit G 21 in Table IV.

Characterization of the febrile response induced by fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 in guinea pigs

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (1) ◽  
pp. R152-R161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Greis ◽  
Jolanta Murgott ◽  
Sandra Rafalzik ◽  
Rüdiger Gerstberger ◽  
Thomas Hübschle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Sickness Behavior ◽  
Route Of Administration ◽  
Soluble Form ◽  
Febrile Response ◽  
Cox Inhibitor ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
High Degree

Recently, it has been shown that the Toll-like receptors-2 and -6 agonist fibroblast-stimulating lipopeptide-1 (FSL-1) have the capacity to induce fever and sickness behavior in rats. Since the mechanisms of the fever-inducing effects of FSL-1 are still unknown, we tested the pyrogenic properties of FSL-1 in guinea pigs and assessed a role for TNF-α and prostaglandins in the manifestation of the febrile response to this substance. Intra-arterial and intraperitoneal injections of FSL-1 caused dose-dependent fevers that coincided with elevated plasma levels of TNF and IL-6, the intraperitoneal route of administration being more effective than the intra-arterial route. Intra-arterial or intraperitoneal injection of a soluble form of the TNF type 1 receptor, referred to as TNF binding protein (TNFbp), together with FSL-1, completely neutralized FSL-1-induced circulating TNF and reduced fever and circulating IL-6. Intra-arterial or intraperitoneal injection of the nonselective cyclooxygenase (COX)-inhibitor diclofenac depressed fever and FSL-1-induced elevations of circulating PGE2. Circulating TNF and IL-6, however, remained unimpaired by treatment with diclofenac. In conclusion, FSL-1-induced fever in guinea pigs depends, in shape and duration, on the route of administration and is, to a high degree, mediated by pyrogenic cytokines and COX products.

INSEMINATION OF THE GUINEA-PIG BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION

1957 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 98-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. W. ROWLANDS
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Conception Rate ◽  
Temporal Relation ◽  
Foetal Development

SUMMARY Intraperitoneal injection has been shown to be a method of insemination which produces a high conception rate in guinea-pigs. The proportion that become pregnant increases from 0 to 100% by raising the number of spermatozoa inseminated over the comparatively narrow range of 3·0 × 107-5·0 × 107. The conception rate is high in animals inseminated between 0 and 16 hr after the end of oestrus; all animals (17) inseminated with more than 5·0 × 107 spermatozoa during the first half of this period became pregnant. The incidence of pregnancy is very low in animals inseminated intraperitoneally during oestrus and at 18 hr or more after oestrus. The temporal relation between successful insemination and ovulation is the reverse of that obtaining in mated animals or after intravaginal insemination [Blandau & Young, 1939]. Fertility, determined by an estimate of the fertilization rate, by the number of foetuses in utero and the rate of foetal development is similar to that following mating. Reasons for the failure of fertilization in animals intraperitoneally inseminated during oestrus are discussed.

A STUDY OF VARIOUS FRACTIONS OF BRUCELLA ABORTUS: V. ALCOHOLIC PRECIPITATES PREPARED FROM A DISSOCIATED STRAIN OF BR. ABORTUS AND FROM E. COLI AND B. SUBTILIS

1935 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Ronald Gwatkin
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Brucella Abortus ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Complement Fixation Test ◽  
Complement Fixation ◽  
Fixation Test ◽  
E Coli

An alcoholic precipitate from an R strain of Brucella abortus resembled the organism from which it was obtained. Toxicity was low, it produced only a slight reaction in the skin of an infected guinea pig and it had no antigenic power in the complement fixation test. An alcoholic precipitate of E. coli was more toxic than any obtained from Br. abortus. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of colon precipitate were modified by anti-colon serum. Intraperitoneal injection of an alcoholic precipitate of B. subtilis produced no change in guinea pigs other than a slight fall in temperature.

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