scholarly journals CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Special Property ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Epidemic Encephalitis ◽  
Virus Encephalitis ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

In this paper we have sought to show that unequivocal strains of herpes virus exist in man, which, in the rabbit, exhibit a degree of encephalitogenic power not exceeded, and perhaps rarely equalled, by any strain of the so called encephalitis virus. The fact that such highly encephalitogenic strains of the herpes virus exist in nature has, at the moment, theoretical and practical importance. Until recently, the view has been accepted by certain workers in the field that two biologically distinct viruses of this class occur—one inducing epidemic encephalitis and the other febrile herpes in man. This view, is, indeed, being supplanted at the present time by the notion, advocated by Levaditi, Nicolau, and Poincloux, of a group of closely related virus organisms for which the name "herpetico-encephalitic" is proposed. Within this group they distinguish strains of virus displaying special affinities for the central nervous organs and others exhibiting equal affinities for skin and membrane (cornea) structures. The first mentioned strains are responsible, under suitable circumstances, for epidemics of encephalitis in man; the others give rise to ordinary attacks of febrile herpes. The H. F. virus described in this paper does not conform to the classification indicated. While being a true febrile herpes strain, it possesses, nevertheless) a high degree of power to attack the central nervous system as well as marked capacity to implant itself on the skin and the cornea of the rabbit. Not only does virus encephalitis follow invariably upon the intracranial injection of the H. F. virus, but as regularly upon corneal, skin, nasal, blood, and testicular modes of inoculation. The symptoms of virus encephalitis thus provoked and the character of the brain lesions induced are precisely those, in all their detail and variety, including the presence of intracellular inclusion bodies, which have been described for the so called virus of encephalitis. Moreover, the H. F. virus is durably glycerol-resistant, is filterable through Berkefeld candles, and behaves immunologically as do the usual strains of herpes and of encephalitis virus. On the basis of the experimental data presented, we conclude that any distinction made regarding, on the one hand, encephalitogenic power as a special property of a virus secured from cases of epidemic encephalitis, and, on the other hand, of ectotropic action as an equally special quality of a virus yielded by febrile herpes, is in its nature artificial and not in harmony with ascertained fact. What can, indeed, be distinguished are stronger and weaker strains of a virus) probably always herpetic in origin, as determined by the inoculation of rabbits. While a strong herpes virus is both dermatotropic and neurotropic, a weak virus tends, in its multiplication, to remain confined to the site of inoculation, to act chiefly on the tissues on which it is immediately implanted, and not to extend to distant parts. And this is equally true whether the strain of virus came originally from cases of epidemic encephalitis, or merely from cases of febrile herpes in man. Hence direct comparison cannot be made between the stronger encephalitogenic and weaker non-encephalitogenic strains, according to any specific etiological property. The viruses we are discussing do, indeed, compose one group but it is the group of febrile herpes with which epidemic encephalitis is associated accidentally, if at all. It happens, indeed, that the Levaditi strain (souche) C and the Doerr Basel strain, both supposedly originating in cases of encephalitis in man, are less encephalitogenic for the rabbit than the true herpes strains, H. F. and Goodpasture M.

RÉSISTANCE COMPARÉE DES VIRUS POLIOMYÉLITIQUE, HERPÉTIQUE, SPUMEUX ET SV-40 À L"ACIDITÉ

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Dubreuil ◽  
André Chagnon ◽  
Vytautas Pavilanis
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Foamy Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Poliomyelitis Vaccine ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
The One

Poliovirus suspensions of different types and strains, as well as vacuolating virus (SV-40) and human herpes virus, were adjusted to various points between pH 8.5 and pH 1.5. The comparative inactivation of these viruses was established for different conditions of temperature and time of treatment. There appeared to be a large enough difference in the resistance of the poliovirus group on the one hand and that of herpes and vacuolating virus on the other to permit a selective inactivation of these last-mentioned viruses in contaminated suspensions of poliovirus. A few assays done with foamy virus showed that this selective inactivation could be applied also to poliovirus suspensions contaminated with this agent.This simple technique could be of help in the preparation of poliomyelitis vaccine, live or inactivated.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Virus ◽  
The Other ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Recurrent Herpes ◽  
Pathogenic Action ◽  
Complete Failure ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain

In this paper, three strains of the herpes virus have been dealt with. The H.F. II strain was obtained from the subject H.F. 4 years after the H.F. I strain was secured. H.F. is a victim of recurrent herpes. If the subject is also a chronic carrier of the herpes virus, then it is not one, but two or more strains which are persistently carried. The H.F. II strain is of mitigated pathogenic action for the rabbit, as compared with the H.F. I strain; it is to be classed as dermatotropic rather than neurotropic. And yet, in the subject there was no indication that the attack of herpes provoked was different from the other attacks associated with the H.F. I virus. The other two herpes strains derive their interest from the fact that they came also from persons who suffer from repeated attacks of labial herpes. One strain proved highly neurotropic, resembling in this respect the H.F. I strain; the other was hardly neurotropic at all, but was none the less definitely dermatotropic. It may be possible at a later date to secure other samples of virus from these individuals for comparison. The dermatotropic F. strain penetrates to the central nervous system far more readily and certainly from the skin than from corneal surfaces. The recovered inoculated rabbits showed only relative protection to reinoculation of the herpes virus. A notable difference appeared in the degree of protection acquired, on the one hand by the cornea and on the other by the brain. While the one was partial, the other was complete. The complete resistance of the brain was shown (a) by the complete failure of the intracerebral inoculation, and (b) by the absence of circling movements following corneal inoculation.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Epidemic Encephalitis ◽  
Virus Encephalitis ◽  
Human Pathology ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
The Brain

In this paper is given an account of an inoculable virus disease produced in the rabbit with cerebrospinal fluid taken from a case of vascular and neural syphilis. The study which yielded the results presented was undertaken in the course of an investigation into the etiology of epidemic or lethargic encephalitis. Twenty-seven samples of cerebrospinal fluid, derived from cases of epidemic encephalitis, were tested by us upon rabbits without positive result. The one successful instance in which an inoculable disease was produced arose from the injection of one of three specimens of the cerebrospinal fluid taken from the case of syphilis. Following this success, two subsequent injections of the fluid, taken from the same patient, were made unsuccessfully. Although certain American and European investigators have reported securing a virus from the cerebrospinal fluid of cases of epidemic encephalitis, we have consistently failed in our endeavors to confirm their results. However, we believe that the finding of the J. B. virus may serve to clarify the obscurity and confusion now enveloping the so called virus of encephalitis. It had previously been shown that no biological differences could be detected between the herpes and the encephalitis strains of virus. The former, as is well known, is readily secured by inoculating rabbits with the contents of herpes vesicles, while the latter has, at best, been obtained with great difficulty. The J. B. virus agrees biologically with the herpes and encephalitis strains of virus. It is our opinion that the J. B. virus is merely a herpes virus which has gained access to the cerebrospinal fluid and, at the time of inoculation of the rabbits, was present in a concentration sufficing to induce virus encephalitis. The fact, if fact it is proved to be, that the herpes virus may find its way into the cerebrospinal fluid opens to question all the supposed instances of successful implantation of a virus of epidemic encephalitis upon the rabbit. It is indeed highly probable that, in so far as such a virus has been found at all in the cerebrospinal fluid, it also is a specimen of the herpes virus. Our studies lead us to suppose that at best it is an infrequent event for the herpes virus to occur in demonstrable form in the cerebrospinal fluid. Perhaps a more delicate means of detection than the rabbit inoculation would serve to reveal the presence oftener. It is known that strains of herpes virus of greater or less intensity of action for rabbits exist. It is, of course, possible that we discover, by present methods, only the highly active strains and those only when chancing to be present in a certain concentration. We inoculated 100 specimens of cerebrospinal fluid and obtained in a single instance the virus infection of the rabbit. In all respects the J. B. virus agrees in intensity of effect, in mode of attack upon the cornea, skin, and brain, and in immunization responses, with the true strains of herpes virus and the so called strains of encephalitis virus. If, as the above statements indicate, all the virus strains of the class considered are examples of the herpes virus, it follows that the etiology of epidemic encephalitis remains entirely unresolved. It is highly improbable that the ubiquitous herpes virus plays the kind of part in human pathology which it has been shown to play in experimental rabbit pathology. While the active strains of that virus possess a strong affinity for the brain structures of the rabbit, the virus has not in the past shown any selective affinity for the brain of man. To ascribe epidemic encephalitis in man to particular and peculiar varieties of the herpes virus is, with our present knowledge, unwarranted.20 The wide variations in histological lesions described in the brain of rabbits succumbing to herpes or virus encephalitis raise the question of the essential manner of action of the virus upon the brain tissues. Hitherto it has been the cellular infiltrative lesions which have been emphasized. We have, however, learned that very extensive infiltrations about blood vessels and in the brain substance may exist independently of even mild symptoms of disease.16 The question is propounded, therefore, whether the herpes virus does not attack nerve cells directly, affecting them quantitatively in such ways as at one time to produce stimulation and at another time paralysis. The manifold symptoms of virus encephalitis in the rabbit are open to this interpretation. In order, however, to base this notion on microscopical findings, a more subtle technique than hitherto widely employed is required. A histological restudy of the subject is being made with this view in mind. The name virus encephalitis is proposed for the experimental disease produced in rabbits by the inoculation of the herpes and allied viruses.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Epidemic Encephalitis ◽  
Virus Encephalitis ◽  
Active Virus ◽  
Brain Involvement ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
Experimental Virus ◽  
The Brain

The guinea pig is subject to cerebral and corneal inoculation of the herpes virus. The effects of the inoculations vary with the strength or degree of virulence of the virus. Weak strains of the virus are implanted on the cerebrum with difficulty and strong strains with ease. Weak strains are quickly suppressed by the brain and strong strains may be passed indefinitely from brain to brain of the guinea pig. Strains of intermediate potency can be passed for a limited number of times only. Weak strains induce keratoconjunctivitis without brain involvement, while strong strains invade the brain from the eye and produce fatal encephalitis. In the latter case, the brain contains active virus inoculable upon the cornea and into the brain of rabbits and guinea pigs. Strains of intermediate potency produce keratoconjunctivitis accompanied by mild symptoms of encephalitis, from which recovery results. The guinea pig serves even more definitely than the rabbit to distinguish grades of virus according to strength or virulence. There is no difference of kind but only of degree of response to inoculation of herpes virus in the rabbit and the guinea pig. The etiology of epidemic encephalitis has not, therefore, been brought appreciably nearer solution by experiments with herpes virus carried out in guinea pigs.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PATHOLOGY OF EXPERIMENTAL VIRUS ENCEPHALITIS

1925 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Flexner ◽  
Harold L. Amoss
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Herpes Virus ◽  
Neurotropic Activity ◽  
Epidemic Encephalitis ◽  
Virus Encephalitis ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Herpès Virus ◽  
Experimental Virus

Mild strains of the virus of herpes are described the action of which tends to be confined and local. Unless, therefore, these mild strains are injected intracranially they do not tend to produce virus encephalitis in the rabbit. Recovery from infection with the mild strains confers immunity to virulent strains of the herpes and allied viruses. Long glycerolation reduces the number of viable organisms. This loss among the mild strains may reduce the virus below the strength required for an effective extracranial although not below the strength needed for an intracranial inoculation. Herpes virus carriage in man, even under highly favorable conditions, is difficult of detection by means of rabbit inoculation. The detection may be achieved by intracranial when it cannot be accomplished by intracorneal inoculation. The virus producing encephalitis in the rabbit attaches itself chiefly to and multiplies in the substance of the central nervous system. Hence its detection in the cerebrospinal fluid is rarely accomplished. When the inoculation of the virus is made intracranially and especially when the inoculum is composed of active brain tissue, the virus is discoverable in the cerebrospinal fluid by rabbit inoculation much more frequently than when the virus encephalitis follows an extracranial variety of infection. The herpes virus is capable of excretion by the kidney of the rabbit and of being detected in the urine by rabbit inoculation. Among the rarer symptoms of virus encephalitis is excessive lacrimation. While salivation is frequent, lacrimation is exceptional. A comparison of the Levaditi, Doerr, and Goodpasture strains of virus indicates the first to be of medium, the second of mild, and the third of high degree of neurotropic activity. The Doerr strain resembles the mild herpes strains described in this paper. The Goodpasture virus, while exceeding the Levaditi strain in affinity for the central nervous system, falls below the H. F. strain in this regard. Neutralization of virus by the serum of infected and recovered rabbits takes place regularly within certain quantitative limits. Neutralization with human serum is inconstant and capricious and without demonstrable relation to previous attacks of epidemic encephalitis. Comparison of the clinical types of encephalitis as presented by the epidemic variety in man and the experimental virus variety in rabbits brings out certain correspondences and certain differences. It is only in partial and essentially superficial aspects that the two diseases can be identified one with the other.

Der Fall des Philosophen

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Gekle
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Oedipus Complex ◽  
The Other ◽  
Philosophical Theory ◽  
Ernst Bloch ◽  
The Uncanny ◽  
History Of ◽  
Painful Experience ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The history of mental development on the one and the history of his writings on the other hand form the two separate but essentially intertwined strands of an archeology of Ernst Bloch´s thought undertaken in this book. Bloch as a philosopher is peculiar in that his initial access to thought rose from the depths of early, painful experience. To give expression to this experience, he not only needed to develop new categories, but first and foremost had to find words for it: the experience of the uncanny and the abysmal, of which he tells in Spuren, is on the level of philosophical theory juxtaposed by the “Dunkel des gerade gelebten Augenblicks” (darkness of the moment just lived) and his discovery of a “Noch-nicht-Bewusstes” (not-yet-conscious), thus metaphysically undermining the classical Oedipus complex in the succession of Freud. In this book, psyche, work and the history of the 20th century appear concentrated in Ernst Bloch the philosopher and contemporary witness, who paid tribute to these supra-individual powers in his work as much as he hoped to transgress them.

scholarly journals Social Utopias and Engineering Design

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 570-583
Author(s):  
Waldemar Czajkowski
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Possible World ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Engineering Sciences ◽  
Global Problems ◽  
The One

AbstractA paradox of our time is identified: on the one hand – the development of one global system (ecological, technological and social), on the other hand – the still increasing “balkanization” of science. The dynamics of this systems is a source of well-known numerous global problems. Its possibly effective solution needs adequate knowledge about the system. For this reason, counteraction to “balkanization” of science is of great practical importance. And this counteraction should comprise not only development of “transboundary” sciences (such as biochemistry or social psychology) but also establishing and developing links between very distant disciplines. This text is intended as a contribution to linking social and engineering sciences. The notion of design plays the central role in this text. Its meaning in the engineering sciences. The notion of utopia has been chosen as a partial counterpart to the term of engineering design. This notion was defined using a concept of possible world – taken from modal logic. It encompasses two ideas: this of design and that of prediction, It is claimed that we need many utopias and that their plurality is of fundamental importance for protecting us against the threats of utopianism. The paper suggests that social utopias can play a heuristic role in engineering design (particularly in the initial phase of defining technological problems), and – on the other hand – that the theory of engineering design can be supportive for, badly needed, development of methodology of utopias creation.

Observations on the Biting-habits of African Mosquitos in the Genus Eretmapodites Theobald

1956 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 761-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Haddow
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Fundamental Difference ◽  
The Other ◽  
Activity Curve ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The biting-habits of mosquitos in the genus Eretmapodites Theobald, as shown by 24-hour catches, display a certain uniformity in that all the species studied are essentially diurnal and bite very close to the ground, in shade. They do not enter dwellings.When, however, two localities are compared (the Entebbe area and Bwamba County) it is found that there is a fundamental difference in behaviour. At Entebbe there is an exceedingly well-marked wave of activity before sunset. This does not occur in Bwamba, where the cycle shows no pronounced characteristics apart from its generally diurnal nature. It is shown that this difference arises from the fact that in Bwamba the first hour of biting-activity tends to be the most intense (no matter when it occurs) whereas in Entebbe the hour before sunset is almost always preferred.One group (the E. chrysogaster group) is present in both localities. In Entebbe it shows an activity curve of the one type, and in Bwamba a curve of the other type.It is concluded that some environmental influence must be involved. At the moment, however, no suggestion can be made concerning the nature of this influence, beyond the fact that the activity-patterns concerned are not easily explained in terms of microclimate.

The Last Decades and the Decline of Ava

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Aung-Thwin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
Client System

The kingdom that was Ava came to an “end” in 1526-7. It can be attributed to both long-term structural causes as well as “incidents of the moment,” events that set “afire” the former “kindling.” These “incidents of the moment” can accelerate but also slow down (sometimes, actually reverse) long-term patterns and trends. In Ava’s case, they accelerated its decline. The merit-path to salvation, court factionalism, the patron-client system, and the growth of Shan ascendancy on the one hand, and military set-backs, serendipitous events, and intransigent personalities on the other, resulted in the “fall” of the First Ava Dynasty in 1527. Thereafter, Ava became an ordinary myosa-ship and ceased being the exemplary center of Upper Myanmar, until raised once again as capital of the Second Ava Dynasty in 1600, which is beyond the scope of this study.

Dr. Tuke's Addeess As President of the Section of Psychology

1873 ◽  
Vol 19 (87) ◽  
pp. 485-487
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
The Other ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Moral Management ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One

The proper treatment of mental disease must always be considered as involving two distinct divisions. In the one, “moral” management, it is necessary to gain regard and willing obedience, to check wayward impulse, to beat away disturbing fears, to cheer the despairing, to restrain, not by force, bat by patience and firmness, the angry and the violent, and to catch the moment in which the swiftly wavering mind may be brought to rest, and its balance permanently retained. The other division embraces the correct employment of hygienic and purely medical remedial agents.

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