Toyotomi Hideyoshi’s Invasion of the Chosŏn Kingdom, 1592–1598

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nam-lin Hur
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Entire Region ◽  
Choson Dynasty ◽  
Negotiated Settlement ◽  
Warring States ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The World ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Three Phases

In the fourth month of 1592, and at the direction of Toyotomi Hideyoshi—the feudal baron, or daimyo, who unified the Warring States (Sengoku) across the Japanese Archipelago—a massive force invaded the Korean Peninsula, which, at the time, was controlled by the Chosŏn dynasty. The war lasted until late 1598. Initially, the defending Chosŏn armies were helpless, but they managed to frustrate Hideyoshi’s goals before leaders of the Ming dynasty dispatched a large rescue force in the twelfth month of 1592. The Ming, whose empire spanned much of the central and eastern territories of present-day China, were concerned about the security of their borders, but they were also pressured by the Chosŏn to help. There were two intense battles in 1593 (albeit the second did not involve the Ming); however, despite the Chosŏn’s strong opposition, the Ming court and the Hideyoshi regime pursued a negotiated settlement to end the war. These negotiations ended in failure: Hideyoshi ordered his daimyo generals to resume an attack against the Chosŏn in 1597, the Ming court sent reinforcements, and more battles ensued. In the end, none of the belligerents got what they wanted. The war came to an end when Hideyoshi died in the eighth month of 1598. All battles took place in the Chosŏn-controlled Korean Peninsula, and the casualties far exceeded those that occurred anywhere else in the world during the 16th and 17th centuries. Hideyoshi’s invasion of the Chosŏn kingdom went through three phases: (1) invasion, defense, and retreat (4/1592–4/1593); (2) attempted truce negotiations (5/1593–8/1596); and (3) massive resumption of battle and the path to the withdrawal of Hideyoshi’s invading troops (9/1596–11/1598). The aftermath of the war involved the collapse of the Hideyoshi regime and socially transformed the entire region.

scholarly journals The Ideological Background of Japanese Expansionism, C. 1900

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-54
Author(s):  
Harald Kleinschmidt
Keyword(s):  
Early Years ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The Core ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Japanese Military ◽  
The World ◽  
Core Feature ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
Ideological Background ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

Abstract This paper examines the ideologies informing the expansion of Japanese rule at c. 1900. The core feature discussed is the idea of tenka (天下; literally translated: all under heaven), constituting the group of ruled in terms of a universalist indigenat (kokumin 国民), which allowed its expansion beyond the Japanese archipelago at government discretion. The concept of the universalist indigenat, having been tied to the Confucian perception of the world as a well-ordered and change-absorbing entity, conflicted with the European concept of the nation as a particularistically conceived type of group, tied to the perception of the world as a dynamic and largely unruly entity. During the latter third of the nineteenth and the early years of the twentieth century, some Japanese intellectuals came to appreciate the dynamism enshrined in the European perception of the world and worked it into established universalism. The fusion produced a powerful ideology of colonial expansion targeted primarily at East and Southeast Asia as well as the South Pacific. By contrast, European military strategists and political theorists, unaware of the Japanese strategic conceptions, expected that solely Russia formed the target of Japanese military expansion.

scholarly journals The emergence of ‘Transeurasian’ language families in Northeast Asia as viewed from archaeological evidence

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Kazuo Miyamoto
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Population Movement ◽  
Pottery Production ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Southern Korea ◽  
Production Techniques ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

Abstract From a linguistic standpoint, Proto-Japonic and Proto-Koreanic are assumed to have split off the Transeurasian languages in southern Manchuria. The linguistic idea that Proto-Japonic came earlier than Proto-Koreanic in the chronological scheme means that the Proto-Japonic language first entered the Korean Peninsula, and from there spread to the Japanese archipelago at the beginning of the Yayoi period, around the 9th century BC, while the arrival of Proto-Koreanic in southern Korea is associated with the spread of the rolled rim vessel culture around the 5th century BC. The genealogical sequence of the Pianpu, Mumun and Yayoi cultures, which shared the same pottery production techniques, indicates the spread of Proto-Japonic. On the other hand, migrants moved from Liaodong to the Korean Peninsula and established the rolled rim vessel culture. This population movement was likely due to social and political reasons as the Yan state enlarged its territory eastward. The Proto-Koreanic of the rolled rim vessel culture later spread to the Korean Peninsula and gradually drove out Proto-Japonic, becoming the predecessor of the Koreanic. In this paper, I examine the spread of Proto-Japonic and Proto-Koreanic in Northeast Asia based on archaeological evidence, focusing especially on the genealogy of pottery styles and pottery production techniques.

scholarly journals Waves Out of the Korean Peninsula and Inter- and Intra-Species Replacements in Freshwater Fishes in Japan

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Shoji Taniguchi ◽  
Johanna Bertl ◽  
Andreas Futschik ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino ◽  
Toshio Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

The Japanese archipelago is located at the periphery of the continent of Asia. Rivers in the Japanese archipelago, separated from the continent of Asia by about 17 Ma, have experienced an intermittent exchange of freshwater fish taxa through a narrow land bridge generated by lowered sea level. As the Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago were not covered by an ice sheet during glacial periods, phylogeographical analyses in this region can trace the history of biota that were, for a long time, beyond the last glacial maximum. In this study, we analyzed the phylogeography of four freshwater fish taxa, Hemibarbus longirostris, dark chub Nipponocypris temminckii, Tanakia ssp. and Carassius ssp., whose distributions include both the Korean Peninsula and Western Japan. We found for each taxon that a small component of diverse Korean clades of freshwater fishes migrated in waves into the Japanese archipelago to form the current phylogeographic structure of biota. The replacements of indigenous populations by succeeding migrants may have also influenced the phylogeography.

scholarly journals Waves out of the Korean Peninsula and inter- and intra-species replacements in freshwater fishes in Japan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoji Taniguchi ◽  
Johanna Bertl ◽  
Andreas Futschik ◽  
Hirohisa Kishino ◽  
Toshio Okazaki
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Phylogeographic Structure ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Small Component ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

AbstractThe Japanese archipelago is located at the periphery of the continent of Asia. Rivers in the Japanese archipelago, separated from the continent of Asia about 17 Ma, have experienced an intermittent exchange of freshwater fish taxa through a narrow land bridge generated by lowered sea level. As the Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago were not covered by an ice sheet during glacial periods, phylogeographical analyses in this region can trace the history of biota for a long time beyond the last glacial maximum. In this study, we analyzed the phylogeography of four freshwater fish taxa, Hemibarbus longirostris, dark chub Nipponocypris temminckii, Tanakia ssp. and Carassius ssp., whose distributions include both the Korean Peninsula and western Japan. We found for each taxon that a small component of diverse Korean clades of freshwater fishes migrated in waves into the Japanese archipelago to form the current phylogeographic structure of biota. Indigenous populations were replaced by succeeding migrants. We refer to this phenomenon as “waves out of the Korean Peninsula,” with parallels to “out of Africa” in humans.

scholarly journals A review of Calypogeia (Marchantiophyta) in the eastern Sino-Himalaya and Meta-Himalaya based mostly on types

PhytoKeys ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 153 ◽  
pp. 111-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Bakalin ◽  
Ksenia G. Klimova ◽  
Van Sinh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
New Records ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Taxonomic Diversity ◽  
Oil Bodies ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
The World ◽  
Southern Half ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Eleven Species

The eastern part of the southern macroslope of the Himalayan Range, Hengduan Mountains and the complex of smaller ranges from Hengduan southward to northern Indochina is one of the taxonomic hotspots of Calypogeia in Asia and the world. Two main circumstances hamper the understanding of taxonomic diversity of the genus in this area: the absence of recent and detailed descriptions and identification keys and the necessity of studying fresh material with surviving oil bodies in leaf cells. This study resulted in 1) eleven species confirmed for this vast land, 2) seven more taxa recorded but likely based on identification mistakes and 3) fourteen more taxa that are not yet recorded but may be expected in the area. All these taxa are discussed, and most of them are illustrated and described based on the types; an identification key is provided. The occurrence of North Holarctic taxa is hardly probable in the Sino-Himalaya, whereas new records of taxa known from the southern half of the Japanese Archipelago, Taiwan and southeastern mainland China are possible.

scholarly journals Making Sense of the Transformation of Religious Practices: A Critical Long-term Perspective from Pre- and Proto-historic Japan

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Koji Mizoguchi
Keyword(s):  
Religious Practices ◽  
Religious Activities ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The World ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago

This paper proposes a novel procedural framework for the archaeological study of the long-term transformation of religious practices by heuristically defining the religious in terms of their functional-effective elements. Thus, religious activities constitute a distinct communicative domain that responds to and processes the uncertainties and risks of the world. Drawing on this re-definition, this paper proposes a procedure comprising the following units of investigation: (A) what uncertainties and risks of the world were generated in and differentiated by a certain social formation; (B) how were they responded to and processed; and (C) how is the mode of the responding and processing changed as social formations are transformed? The applicability of this procedure is examined through a case study from the pre- and proto-historic periods of the Japanese archipelago. It is hoped that the framework reintroduces causally explanatory, comparative and long-term perspectives to the archaeological study of religious practices.

scholarly journals READING EUROPEAN UNIVERSAL HISTORIES IN JAPAN, 1790s–1840s

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
DAVID MERVART
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
The West ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The World ◽  
Classical Chinese ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
Historical Trajectory

Abstract This article offers a case study in the nature of uses of the European past in East Asia at a time when the search for the knowledge of the West was not yet motivated primarily by any sense of its civilizational, moral, or technological superiority. In the course of the later eighteenth century, as Dutch philological expertise gradually became another available tool – alongside the long-established Sinological erudition – for generating knowledge about the world, commentators around the Japanese archipelago began to turn not only to the medical and astronomical manuals of the occidentals but also to their histories. The translation-cum-commentary Miscellanea from the western seas by Yamamura Saisuke (1801) is a case in point. The text became effectively a crossroads of two philological and historiographical bodies of knowledge that intersected in unexpected ways as the European past was subjected to a reinterpretation in terms of the classical Chinese precedent, while the product of that reinterpretation informed a different understanding of the recent and contemporary historical trajectory of a Japan now exposed to the dynamics of the global European presence.

The Diffusion and Significance of People of the Korean Peninsula to the Japanese archipelago during the Paleolithic Age

2018 ◽  
pp. 5-43
Author(s):  
Yongjoon Chang
Keyword(s):  
Korean Peninsula ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Korea Strait ◽  
Late Paleolithic ◽  
Japanese Archipelago ◽  
The People ◽  
The Japanese Archipelago ◽  
First Time

The Japanese archipelago began to be occupied by people for the first time after the people migrated from the Korean Peninsula in the Paleolithic Age. Peopling of Japan is presumed to be around the middle Paleolithic or late Paleolithic. There was the Korea strait between the two areas, the Korean Peninsula and the Japanese archipelgo, and it used to be limited for coming and going for the people. However, the sea level changes throughout the Upper Pleistocene caused different patterns in human migration and interaction. In both areas, similar types of stone tools including tanged point, bilateral point, stemmed point, and composite point have been excavated in the late Paleolithic period. It is assumed that these types of stone tools might have been transmitted to Japan from the Korean peninsula. Paleolithic people of the Japanese archipelago were influenced by the stone technique of the Korean peninsula, but made their tools with the local raw materials. Paleolithic people utilized blades and microblades which were common in Northeast Asia. The various shapes of projectile points of the Japanese archipelago found in the Late Paleolithic layers could be influenced by the Korean Peninsula. Therefore, it can be assumed that the hunting method to throw a spear were transferred from the Korean peninsula to the Japanese archipelago based of the technological evidence. The manufacturing techniques of the points verify that they were from the Korean peninsula eventhough the tools were made of the local raw materials. Based on the technological tradition, I conclude that the people who lived on the Korean Peninsula crossed the Korea Strait for the first time during the end of the Middle to the Late Paleolithic.

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