scholarly journals Swords into Plowshares: A Pilgrimage for the CSS Alabama

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 515-532
Author(s):  
William W Park
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
Arbitral Proceedings ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
British Colonies ◽  
Historical Consequence

Abstract During the American Civil War, Britain sold ships to the Southern Confederacy in breach of neutrality obligations, triggering a dispute with the United States carrying threats of armed conflict. Some American politicians saw the dispute as an opportunity to annex Canada, then a weak assemblage of British colonies. Ultimately, arbitration in Geneva averted war, opening an era of long Anglo-American cooperation. The historical consequence of this landmark 1872 arbitration remains difficult to overstate. In addition to its diplomatic importance, the case introduced significant procedural precedents for international arbitration, including dissenting options, reasoned awards, party-appointed arbitrators, collegial deliberations, and arbitrators’ declarations on their own jurisdiction. The saga of the CSS Alabama, the vessel from which the arbitration took its name, provides a narrative as griping in detail as the arbitral proceedings prove meaningful in legal legacy.

Morris Ranger: The Rise and Fall of the Liverpool Cotton Market’s Greatest Speculator, 1835 to 1887

2021 ◽  
Vol 170 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92
Author(s):  
Nigel Hall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War

In the period 1878 to 1883 there was heavy speculation in the Liverpool raw cotton market associated with a trader named Morris Ranger. Little has previously been written about Ranger and his background. Ranger was born in Germany and emigrated to the United States in 1855. He initially traded in tobacco but branched out into cotton during the American Civil War. He settled in Liverpool in 1870. His cotton speculations were enormous, but he fell bankrupt in 1883. The speculations associated with Ranger involved other Liverpool traders and drew heavy criticism from the spinning industry. The speculations played a part in a reorganisation of the Liverpool market and attempts to circumvent it, including the building of the Manchester Ship Canal.

Indian Slavery

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Gallay
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
American West ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Indian Slavery

Indian slavery was neither fleeting nor secondary to the story of colonialism, imperialism, and economic exploitation in the Americas. Persisting for centuries, it both pre-dated African slavery in the Americas, and survived African slavery's abolition in the United States. Not until the American government's five-year program to eradicate Indian slavery in Colorado and Utah after the American Civil War did slavery officially end, though it likely persisted in several areas of the American West. This article examines the contours of Indian slavery in the Americas, its evolution and character, the varieties of labour systems implemented to control Indian labour and lives, and the existence of Indian slave trades that paralleled African slave trades.

American Civil War Precedents: Their Nature, Application, and Extension

1940 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Morrissey McDiarmid
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
The Public ◽  
Secretary Of State

When the present European war broke out and neutral rights came into the foreground of America’s anxieties, the President advised the public to study the conduct of the United States during the Civil War. That desperate struggle is inevitably the American touchstone for belligerent rights because, as Secretary of State Seward pointed out in 1863.It is… obvious that any belligerent claim which we make during the existing war, will be urged against us as an unanswerable precedent when [we] may ourselves be at peace.

scholarly journals "To see some few proofs of enormous wickedness": The Use of Photographs and Wood Engravings of Prisoners of War in Six American Civil War Publications, 1864-1865

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily McKibbon
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
History Of Photography ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Photographic Reproduction ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Individual

This thesis addresses the use of a set of photographs of returned prisoners of war (POWs) published both as tipped-in albumen prints and as wood engravings in six different publications from 1864 and 1865, including three versions of Narrative of Privations and Sufferings of United States Officers and Soldiers while Prisoners of War in the Hands of the rebel Authorities, one pamphlet, and two magazine articles, The discussion focuses on the dissemination of these images by the United States Sanitary Commission, the ways in which the photographs were presented in the individual publications that contained them, the decisions that the engravers made in translating the photographs into wood engravings and the visual codes that informed the photographs and the related engravings. The illustrated essay situates these photographs and wood engravings within the political context of the American Civil War and the history of photography in the 1860s. The dissemination of photographic imagery via wood engravings before the widespread use of halftone reproductions, beginning in the 1880s, is presently under researched. The paper encourages consideration of wood engravings when examining the history of photographic reproduction during this transitional time period.

scholarly journals Response to Brinkmann et al. “Re-assembly of 19th century smallpox vaccine genomes reveals the contemporaneous use of horsepox and horsepox-related viruses in the United States”

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana T. Duggan ◽  
Edward C. Holmes ◽  
Hendrik N. Poinar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Ancient Dna ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Smallpox Vaccine ◽  
Civil War Era

AbstractWe thank Brinkmann and colleagues for their correspondence and their further investigation into these American Civil War Era vaccination strains. Here, we summarize the difficulties and caveats of work with ancient DNA.

Conclusions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Körner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
The United States ◽  
Abraham Lincoln ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Stark Contrast

This book concludes with a discussion of the ways that America offered Italians an outlook on a wider range of possible futures, most of which were set in conditions that stood in stark contrast to Italy's own experiences. It examines the connection between the American Civil War and the Unification of Italy, noting how the Italians' experience of that war helped them to make the experience of their own Unification meaningful. It also describes the sudden change in Italian attitudes toward American modernity during the finesecolo, which coincided with the start of Italian mass migration to the United States. Finally, it considers how the assassination of Abraham Lincoln transformed political culture in the United States and views the event as a final example of cross-Atlantic exchange that illustrates how Italians explored what they knew about America for their own purposes, without having to imitate foreign prescriptions.

A War for Uncle Tom: Slavery and the American Civil War in Italy

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Axel Körner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
New World ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Major Point ◽  
Uncle Tom's Cabin ◽  
Point Of Reference

This chapter examines the Italian reception of Giuseppe Rota's ballet Bianchi e Neri (Whites and Blacks), an adaptation of Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Bianchi e Neri, which presents the dehumanizing brutality of a slaveholding society, became a major point of reference in Italians' critical assessment of life in the United States. Rota's work inspired comments that reveal the passion with which Italians engaged with issues such as race and slavery across the Atlantic. The chapter considers how Bianchi e Neri transformed the ways in which Italians discussed and imagined the New World. It also explores how the debate on the ballet influenced Italian responses to the unfolding American Civil War, and how the abolition of slavery in America intersected with the Unification of Italy as “one single cause”: a struggle for the good of humankind as a whole.

Enemy Women and the Laws of War in the American Civil War

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie McCurry
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
Laws Of War ◽  
Total War ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Geneva Conventions ◽  
The Hague ◽  
Radical Revision

One of the most important legacies of the American Civil War, not just in the re-united States of America but also in the nineteenth and twentieth century world, were the new laws of war that the conflict introduced. “Lieber's Code,” named after the man who authored it for the Lincoln administration, was a set of instructions written and issued in April 1863 to govern the conduct of “the armies of the United States in the field.” It became a template for all subsequent codes, including the Hague and Geneva conventions. Widely understood as a radical revision of the laws of war and a complete break with the Enlightenment tradition, the code, like the war that gave rise to it, reflected the new post-Napoleonic age of “people's wars.” As such, it pointed forward, if not as the expression of the first total war, then at least as an expression of the first modern one, with all the blurring of boundaries that involved.

The American Civil War as a Trial by Battle

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-110
Author(s):  
Cynthia Nicoletti
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Civil War ◽  
United States Government ◽  
States Government ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Will

Confined alone in a cell in New York's Fort Lafayette in the heat of the summer of 1865, former Confederate naval secretary Stephen R. Mallory had little to do but reflect on the fate of the defeated Confederacy. Convinced that his life might be forfeit if the United States government made good on its threat to try him for treason, Mallory composed a lengthy letter to President Andrew Johnson petitioning for a pardon and seeking to explain his views on the demise of the Confederacy and the fate of the states' right to secede from the Union. While Mallory stressed his opposition to disunion in 1861, on the grounds of its inexpediency, he admitted that he had placed loyalty to his state above his duty as a citizen of the United States. He had “regarded the commands of my state as decisive of my path of duty; and I followed where she led.” Nonetheless, Mallory went on to disclaim his belief in the principle of secession in very striking terms, describing the death of secession in the crucible of the Civil War as the result of a trial by battle. Mallory never specifically denied secession's constitutionality; instead, he told Johnson that because he “recognize[ed] the death [of the Confederacy] as the will of Almighty God, I regard and accept His dispensation as decisive of the questions of slavery and secession.”

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