Current analytical approaches to measuring blood analytes

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 1562-1566 ◽  
Author(s):  
M F Burritt
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Sensor Calibration ◽  
Direct Reading ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Blood Analytes ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Collaborative Efforts

Abstract In recent years, laboratory testing in the critical-care setting has increased, a trend due, in part, to the evolution of electrochemical sensors. Various innovations have extended sensor lifetimes, reduced sensor maintenance, and led to the development of single-use and unit-use disposable sensors. These sensor technologies allow the accurate and precise determination, either at or near the bedside, of several analytes including pO2, pCO2, pH, Na, K, Cl, ionized calcium, hematocrit, total hemoglobin, and glucose. Use of these new systems, however, has raised new issues regarding sensor calibration and sample handling and collection. The number of direct-reading analyzers for electrolyte determinations has also increased dramatically. Issues regarding calibration of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for Na/K have also been raised after demonstrations of between-instrument variation. Recently, collaborative efforts between eight ISE instrument manufacturers and the National Institute of Standards and Technology resulted in the development of a Standard Reference Material, SRM 956, for the purpose of standardizing direct-reading Na/K ISEs to the flame photometer. Other widely used technologies that provide noninvasive, continuous monitoring include pulse oximetry and transcutaneous gas electrodes. These trends are expected to continue and to produce a new generation of electrochemical and optical sensors.

scholarly journals Laser-scribed graphene presents an opportunity to print a new generation of disposable electrochemical sensors

Nanoscale ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (22) ◽  
pp. 13613-13622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katie Griffiths ◽  
Carl Dale ◽  
John Hedley ◽  
Matthew D. Kowal ◽  
Richard B. Kaner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
New Generation

Laser-scribed graphene electrodes display optimal electrochemical responses even in a fully disposable planar three electrode format.

scholarly journals New Generation of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thiago Oliveira ◽  
Simone Morais
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Charge Transfer Resistance ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Transfer Resistance ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) have provided unprecedented advances in the design of electrochemical sensors. They are composed by sp2 carbon units oriented as multiple concentric tubes of rolled-up graphene, and present remarkable active surface area, chemical inertness, high strength, and low charge-transfer resistance in both aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. MWCNT are very versatile and have been boosting the development of a new generation of electrochemical sensors with application in medicine, pharmacology, food industry, forensic chemistry, and environmental fields. This work highlights the most important synthesis methods and relevant electrochemical properties of MWCNT for the construction of electrochemical sensors, and the numerous configurations and successful applications of these devices. Thousands of studies have been attesting to the exceptional electroanalytical performance of these devices, but there are still questions in MWCNT electrochemistry that deserve more investigation, aiming to provide new outlooks and advances in this field. Additionally, MWCNT-based sensors should be further explored for real industrial applications including for on-line quality control.

scholarly journals Tetraconatan phylogeny with special focus on Malacostraca and Branchiopoda: highlighting the strength of taxon-specific matrices in phylogenomics

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1885) ◽  
pp. 20181524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schwentner ◽  
Stefan Richter ◽  
D. Christopher Rogers ◽  
Gonzalo Giribet
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Evolutionary Models ◽  
Phylogenomic Analyses ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Internal Relationships ◽  
Complete Matrix ◽  
Phylogenomic Study

Understanding the evolution of Tetraconata or Pancrustacea—the clade that includes crustaceans and insects—requires a well-resolved hypothesis regarding the relationships within and among its constituent taxa. Here, we assembled a taxon-rich phylogenomic dataset focusing on crustacean lineages based solely on genomes and new-generation Illumina-generated transcriptomes, including 89 representatives of Tetraconata. This constitutes, to our knowledge, the first phylogenomic study specifically addressing internal relationships of Malacostraca (with 26 species included) and Branchiopoda (36 species). Seven matrices comprising 81–684 orthogroups and 17 690–242 530 amino acid positions were assembled and analysed under five different analytical approaches. To maximize gene occupancy and to improve resolution, taxon-specific matrices were designed for Malacostraca and Branchiopoda. Key tetraconatan taxa (i.e. Oligostraca, Multicrustacea, Branchiopoda, Malacostraca, Thecostraca, Copepoda and Hexapoda) were monophyletic and well supported. Within Branchiopoda, Phyllopoda, Diplostraca, Cladoceromorpha and Cladocera were monophyletic. Within Malacostraca, the clades Eumalacostraca, Decapoda and Reptantia were well supported. Recovery of Caridoida or Peracarida was highly dependent on the analysis for the complete matrix, but it was consistently monophyletic in the malacostracan-specific matrices. From such examples, we demonstrate that taxon-specific matrices and particular evolutionary models and analytical methods, namely CAT-GTR and Dayhoff recoding, outperform other approaches in resolving certain recalcitrant nodes in phylogenomic analyses.

scholarly journals Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Hybrid Materials for the Development of Optical Sensors

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto Rico-Yuste ◽  
Sergio Carrasco
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Synergetic Effect ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Molecularly Imprinted ◽  
Recognition Ability ◽  
Recognition Elements ◽  
New Generation

We report on the development of new optical sensors using molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) combined with different materials and explore the novel strategies followed in order to overcome some of the limitations found during the last decade in terms of performance. This review pretends to offer a general overview, mainly focused on the last 3 years, on how the new fabrication procedures enable the synthesis of hybrid materials enhancing not only the recognition ability of the polymer but the optical signal. Introduction describes MIPs as biomimetic recognition elements, their properties and applications, emphasizing on each step of the fabrication/recognition procedure. The state of the art is presented and the change in the publication trend between electrochemical and optical sensor devices is thoroughly discussed according to the new fabrication and micro/nano-structuring techniques paving the way for a new generation of MIP-based optical sensors. We want to offer the reader a different perspective based on the materials science in contrast to other overviews. Different substrates for anchoring MIPs are considered and distributed in different sections according to the dimensionality and the nature of the composite, highlighting the synergetic effect obtained as a result of merging both materials to achieve the final goal.

Retrospective analysis of developments on the use of sterilization packaging materials for medical devices (literature review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-40
Author(s):  
Galina Nikolaevna Melnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Packaging Materials ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Manufacturing Technologies ◽  
New Generation

The article discusses issues related to the creation and use of packaging materials for different types of products, including those specially designed for placing medical devices in them, before sterilization. The changes taking place related to the improvement of the barrier properties of packages to extend the preservation period of sterility of medical devices (both new types and complex in design) sterilized by different methods are noted. It is shown how over the course of several years new materials have been developed, technologies/methods of processing and reprocessing of raw materials and materials have changed, which make it possible to obtain packaging materials of different chemical nature and properties. Changes in existing packages from traditional materials (metal) to of single-use sterilization packages of a new generation with improved manufacturing technologies that provide mechanical, barrier and antimicrobial properties of packages differing in types, sizes, material properties are noted. The priority in the use of packaging materials for medical devices remains for materials that meet the requirements of GOST ISO 11607 "Packaging for medical devices subject to terminal sterilization", since the standard imposes more stringent requirements for the execution of packaging materials.

scholarly journals From Mouth-to-Mouth to Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation: Evolution and Characteristics of Actual Devices—A Review of the Literature

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdo Khoury ◽  
Sylvère Hugonnot ◽  
Johan Cossus ◽  
Alban De Luca ◽  
Thibaut Desmettre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Ventilatory Support ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Manual Ventilation ◽  
Emergency Situations ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Respiratory Parameters ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Unidirectional Valve ◽  
New Generation

Manual ventilation is a vital procedure, which remains difficult to achieve for patients who require ventilatory support. It has to be performed by experienced healthcare providers that are regularly trained for the use of bag-valve-mask (BVM) in emergency situations. We will give in this paper, a historical view on manual ventilation’s evolution throughout the last decades and describe the technical characteristics, advantages, and hazards of the main devices currently found in the market. Artificial ventilation has developed progressively and research is still going on to improve the actual devices used. Throughout the past years, a brand-new generation of ventilators was developed, but little was done for manual ventilation. Many adverse outcomes due to faulty valve or misassembly were reported in the literature, as well as some difficulties to ensure efficient insufflation according to usual respiratory parameters. These serious incidents underline the importance of BVM system routine check and especially the unidirectional valve reassembly after sterilization, by only experienced and trained personnel. Single use built-in devices may prevent disassembly problems and are safer than the reusable ones. Through new devices and technical improvements, the safety of BVM might be increased.

A new paradigm for graduate research and training in the biomedical sciences and engineering

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Humphrey ◽  
G. L. Coté ◽  
J. R. Walton ◽  
G. A. Meininger ◽  
G. A. Laine
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Teams ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Graduate Research ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
And Mathematics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Collaborative Efforts ◽  
And Training

98Emphasis on the individual investigator has fostered discovery for centuries, yet it is now recognized that the complexity of problems in the biomedical sciences and engineering requires collaborative efforts from individuals having diverse training and expertise. Various approaches can facilitate interdisciplinary interactions, but we submit that there is a critical need for a new educational paradigm for the way that we train biomedical engineers, life scientists, and mathematicians. We cannot continue to train graduate students in isolation within single disciplines, nor can we ask any one individual to learn all the essentials of biology, engineering, and mathematics. We must transform how students are trained and incorporate how real-world research and development are done–in diverse, interdisciplinary teams. Our fundamental vision is to create an innovative paradigm for graduate research and training that yields a new generation of biomedical engineers, life scientists, and mathematicians that is more diverse and that embraces and actively pursues a truly interdisciplinary, team-based approach to research based on a known benefit and mutual respect. In this paper, we describe our attempt to accomplish this via focused training in biomechanics, biomedical optics, mathematics, mechanobiology, and physiology. The overall approach is applicable, however, to most areas of biomedical research.

Haze removal for new generation optical sensors

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1491-1509
Author(s):  
Gang Hong ◽  
Ying Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Haze Removal ◽  
New Generation

scholarly journals New Trends in Nanoclay-Modified Sensors

Inorganics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Esperanza Pavón ◽  
Rosa Martín-Rodríguez ◽  
Ana C. Perdigón ◽  
María D. Alba
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Electrochemical Sensors ◽  
Modified Electrodes ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Optical Methods ◽  
Fluorescence Probes ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Scale Range

Nanoclays are widespread materials characterized by a layered structure in the nano-scale range. They have multiple applications in diverse scientific and industrial areas, mainly due to their swelling capacity, cation exchange capacity, and plasticity. Due to the cation exchange capacity, nanoclays can serve as host matrices for the stabilization of several molecules and, thus, they can be used as sensors by incorporating electroactive ions, biomolecules as enzymes, or fluorescence probes. In this review, the most recent applications as bioanalyte sensors are addressed, focusing on two main detection systems: electrochemical and optical methods. Particularly, the application of electrochemical sensors with clay-modified electrodes (CLME) for pesticide detection is described. Moreover, recent advances of both electrochemical and optical sensors based on nanoclays for diverse bioanalytes’ detection such as glucose, H2O2, organic acids, proteins, or bacteria are also discussed. As it can be seen from this review, nanoclays can become a key factor in sensors’ development, creating an emerging technology for the detection of bioanalytes, with application in both environmental and biomedical fields.

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