Gender Differences in Cooperative Environments?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Gagliarducci ◽  
M Daniele Paserman
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
House Of Representatives ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooperative Behaviour ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Bill Cosponsorship ◽  
Robust Evidence ◽  
The U.S

Abstract This paper uses data on bill cosponsorship in the U.S. House of Representatives to estimate gender differences in cooperative behaviour. We find that among Democrats there is no significant gender gap in the number of cosponsors recruited, but women-sponsored bills tend to have fewer cosponsors from the opposite party. On the other hand, we find robust evidence that Republican women recruit more cosponsors and attract more bipartisan support on the bills that they sponsor. We interpret these results as evidence that cooperation is mostly driven by a commonality of interest, rather than gender per se.

A Different Type of Gender Gap: How Women and Men Experience Poverty

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Éva Fodor
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Content Analysis ◽  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Depth Interviews

While recent surveys do not find that poverty is feminized in post-communist Hungary, this project explores gender differences in the experience of destitution. Drawing on a content analysis of in-depth interviews in twentyseven very low-income households, the author exposes the particularly gendered daily practice of poverty in Hungarian families. The author argues that one of the major gender differences in the experience of poverty is that men often find themselves in a gender role crisis when they are too poor to function as successful breadwinners. Women, on the other hand, tend to feel their roles as caretakers intensified and thus avoid a conflict with (newly) hegemonic ideals of femininity. As a response, poor marriedcouple families devise ways in which they try to alleviate men's gender shame. The goal of the article is to identify four such strategies, which are used by poor couples to devise livable alternatives to hegemonic gender roles.

Life Beyond 1MeV

1980 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
K.H. Westmacott
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Case ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The U.S

Life beyond 1MeV – like life after 40 – is not too different unless one takes advantage of past experience and is receptive to new opportunities. At first glance, the returns on performing electron microscopy at voltages greater than 1MeV diminish rather rapidly as the curves which describe the well-known advantages of HVEM often tend towards saturation. However, in a country with a significant HVEM capability, a good case can be made for investing in instruments with a range of maximum accelerating voltages. In this regard, the 1.5MeV KRATOS HVEM being installed in Berkeley will complement the other 650KeV, 1MeV, and 1.2MeV instruments currently operating in the U.S. One other consideration suggests that 1.5MeV is an optimum voltage machine – Its additional advantages may be purchased for not much more than a 1MeV instrument. On the other hand, the 3MeV HVEM's which seem to be operated at 2MeV maximum, are much more expensive.

HALF-WAY TECHNOLOGIES ARE PROFITABLE

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 95 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-681
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Commercial Organizations

Decisive interventions, like vaccines, can be quite inexpensive. But commercial organizations make money by selling commodities; they cannot produce and sell "health" per se. The most profitable commodities are those embodying the "half-way" technologies, for those with the means to pay for them-again and again and again. Vaccines, on the other hand, "may never prove as enticing as drugs for pharmaceutical makers. They can be quite expensive to develop, and they produce less income-repeated refills not required ... "

Tipos de Predicação em Aristóteles

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (26) ◽  
pp. 7-34
Author(s):  
António Pedro Mesquita ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Specific Difference ◽  
Complex Entity ◽  
Posterior Analytics ◽  
Present Essay ◽  
Syntactic Position ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Per Se

Predication is a complex entity in Aristotelian thought. The aim of the present essay is to account for this complexity, making explicit the diverse forms it assumes. To this end, we tum to a crucial chapter of the Posterior Analytics (1 22), where, in the most complete and developed manner within the corpus, Aristotle proceeds to systematize this topic. From the analysis, it will become apparent that predication can assume, generically, five forms: 1) the predication of essence (τὸ αύτᾢ εἶναι κατηγορεἲσθαι), that is of the genus and the specific difference; 2) essential predication (τὸ αύτᾢ εἶναι κατηγορεἲσθαι), that is either of the genus or of the differences (or their genera); 3) the predication of accidents per se 4) and of simple accidents (ώς συμβεβηκότα κατηγορεἲσθαι); and 5) accidental predication (κατἁ συμβεβηκός κατηγορεἲσθαι). However, only types 2-4 are forms of strict predication (άπλὢς). In effect, the “predication” of essence is not a genuine predication, but a formula for identity, constituting, technically, the statement of the essence of the subject (or its definition). On the other hand, accidental “predication” can only be conceived of as such equivocally, since it results from a linguistic accident through which the ontological subject of the attribution suffers a displacement to the syntactic position of the predicate, which is not, by nature, its own. In neither case does the phrase bring about any legitimate predication. The study concludes with a discussion of Aristotle’s thesis according to which no substance can be a predicate, which is implied by its notion of accidental predication, a thesis which has been - and in our opinion wrongly so - challenged in modem times.

Sources of Split-ticket Voting in the 1988 American Elections

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 695-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian McAllister ◽  
Robert Darcy
Keyword(s):  
House Of Representatives ◽  
National Government ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
American Elections

Divided partisan control of the American national government is not a new phenomenon. Of the 41 presidents from Washington to Bush, 20 saw the House of Representatives under the control of the opposing party. While divided control of government is nothing new, however, its recent causes are. Before 1955, divided control was due to election reversals in the off year – easily interpretable in terms of negative retrospective judgements or switched policy choices on the part of the electorate. After 1955, on the other hand, four of the seven presidents were elected with a House of Representatives controlled by the opposing party. By analysing data collected during the 1988 national elections, we distinguish between congressional and presidential ticket-splitting and find their causes to be complex. It is caused, in part, by congressional incumbency and ballot formats, but wider social forces are also responsible for ticket-splitting.

Physiological and ecological studies on the oestrogenic isoflavones in subterranean clover (T. subterraneum L.) III. Effects of light

1967 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Rossiter ◽  
AB Beck
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Subterranean Clover ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Natural Light ◽  
Ecological Studies ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Isoflavone Content ◽  
Per Se

Isoflavone levels in subterranean clover leaves were higher in 13 hr days of natural daylight than in 6 hr days, but length of photoperiod per se had no substantial effect on these levels. In the field, reduction of light intensity (by shading) to 40% daylight caused no decline in isoflavone levels compared with full daylight; even at 24% daylight the reduction in levels was ill defined. On the other hand, in young seedlings there was a marked fall in isoflavone content, especially in the unifoliate leaf, as light intensity fell from 950 to 320 f.c. However, appreciable isoflavone formation was found in dark-grown clover seedlings. Possible light reactions connected with the promotion of isoflavone synthesis are discussed. Changes in isoflavone levels resulting from variation in the natural light environment are unlikely to be sufficient to affect "clover disease".

Anti-Nepotism Rules: The Legal Rights of Married Co-Workers

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Reed ◽  
Linda J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Public Organizations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Legal Rights ◽  
State Court ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Public Employer ◽  
The U.S

Anti-nepotism rules in public organizations have led to law suits based on anti-discrimination statutes and the U.S. Constitution. Plaintiffs claim they are entitled to work with their spouses if they are qualified employees. Employers, on the other hand, defend anti-nepotism rules as a business necessity, arguing that married co-workers are a potentially disruptive influence in the office. A review of federal and state court decisions suggests that married co-workers rarely prevail in such cases. In this area of civil and constitutional litigation, public employer liabilities appear to be limited to situations where restrictions are unreasonably broad.

Growth Accounting of the Value Composition of Capital and the Rate of Profit in the U.S. Economy: A Note Stimulated by Zarembka’s Findings

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lefteris Tsoulfidis
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Growth Accounting ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Rate Of Profit ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Composition Of Capital

The purpose of this article is twofold. On the one hand, to present a growth account of the evolution of the value composition of capital and in so doing to deal with some of the issues raised by Zarembka’s (2015) contribution. And on the other hand, to review some crucial relations between the variables that relate to the movement of the rate of profit and the current predicament.

scholarly journals VI.—Laccolites

1881 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 134-136
Author(s):  
G. H. Kinahan
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mountain Region ◽  
Geological Survey ◽  
Lower Horizon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Rocky Mountain Region ◽  
Henry Mountains ◽  
The U.S

In the Report on the Geology of the Henry Mountains, Rocky Mountain Region, Mr. G. K. Gilbert, of the U.S. Geographical and Geological Survey, points out that many of the intrusions of eruptive rocks now exposed had a deep-seated origin; the molten rock having filled vacancies in the rocks, and never coming to the surface until they were exposed by denudation or by faults. To quote our author, “The lava … instead of rising through all the beds of the earth's crust, stopped at a lower horizon, insinuated itself between two strata, and opened for itself a chamber by lifting all the superior beds. For these masses of eruptive rocks, Gilbert proposes the name laccolite (Gr. lakkos cistern, and lithos stone). In the Cos. Wexford and Wioklow some of the protrusions of eruptive rocks are entitled to this name, the rocks having congealed in cisterns below the surface of the earth; there are, however, some marked differences between them and the laccolites of the Henry Mountains. The latter were intruded into nearly horizontal strata, the laccolites only consist of one kind of rock, while the adjoining rocks seem to have been very little altered. But the Wexford and Wicklow laccolites, on the other hand, were intruded into highly disturbed strata, they are made up of a variety of rocks, and always the aquo-igneous action due to their intrusion—‘ baked ’ or altered, a greater or less thickness of rocks about them.

scholarly journals Amazon, Medtronic, the OECD on Risk Analysis: Thesis on Transfer Pricing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Edward Andrew Lincoln
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Agency Relationships ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
International Tax ◽  
Tax Court ◽  
The U.S

The mission of this thesis is to demonstrate the diverging adherence to contracts of the OECD and US in risk allocation for transfer pricing purposes as featured in BEPS Actions 8-10. The OECD adopts a principal of objective behavioral—non-agency—analysis of economic activity, which is impracticable and unworkable. The OECD denies that accurate legal contracts accurately delineate legal relationship. This implies an inherent fraud in corporate business management, which if true would be criminal in most countries—the OECD is implying everything in writing is a lie. The OECD denies the tax implications of principle-agent legal agency relationships as defined by contract law in its transfer pricing recommendations. On the other hand, the U.S. Tax Court still looks to the agency relationships between corporate entities. The U.S. Tax Court follows the correct approach.Corporate management can be divided between principle and agents. People usually think about management and shareholders, but there are also risk managers and asset managers that can be bifurcated. In terms of management, the bottom of the hierarchy is the managers of the factories. The capital fund managers or the shareholders have all the power—it will be taxed here not at the managers of the factories. The managers at the top of the hierarchy will get the highest level of remuneration. Reliance on contract is the only way that makes sense. Tax is based on legal—rather than equitable—matters. How would one tax equity?Two polar opposites define the alternative approaches to the proper appraisal of income for purposes of taxation for transfer pricing. On the one hand, the United States Tax Court has focused largely on contractual language and terms of agreement. On the other, hand the OECD through BEPS jurisdictions (most of the rest of the world where policies have been formulated) choose to analyze actual economic behavior and reality independent of the mere words chosen by the parties.Globalization and technology have greater importance in our daily lives every day. As technology and industrial processes grow every day, technology leads to greater globalization, and greater globalization of supply chains leads to more efficient and efficient technology. For example, years ago, heart problems would lead to death, but now small “battery” type instruments (pacemakers) can prevent heart attacks. The examples of the health benefits from technology are endless.As technology becomes greater and more efficient, globalization has also created supply chains and industrial production processes that are no longer local. As global supply chains increase in complexity, profits need to be properly allocated to certain jurisdictions for taxation purposes—to raise revenue support government functions for society’s benefit. This is a fundamental issue of international taxation. The leading principle for the allocation is the arm’s length principle, according to which related enterprises must charge prices that would have been charged in the open market. Although the principle’s goal aims at avoiding profit shifting, multinational enterprises for years used to shift profits to low tax jurisdictions to avoid taxes in high tax jurisdictions. In the early part of the 21st century increased to attention to these phenomena has lead to the OECD’s Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project to combat this harmful tax competition. This is the most groundbreaking change to the international tax treaty framework since the 1920s—that was initially set up to facilitate cross-border trade. This BEPS project has led to fundamental proposals—as a type of model law—to change the international tax system.

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